Download PDF SpringerBriefs in Cybersecurity by Sandro Gaycken

Sinopsisi

Never before has technology outpaced the ability of mankind to find efficient policies and governance mechanisms as witnessed in cyberspace related issues. ICT revolution and the development of the World Wide Web has accelerated economic growth, brought social justice and political opportunities. It has changed the way how we see the world today and do our daily business. Democratic movements spurring up in formerly repressive regimes were supported by ICT technology. Poor regions in the developing countries have been able to trade their goods. Small and medium sized businesses in industrial countries have found markets worldwide. For all of these positive developments, the ICT has been a great enabler.

Therefore, there is no question whether the technology itself is a reason for our increasing concern about security in cyberspace, but the question should be posed how our policies will be able to set the appropriate mechanisms that would allow the fast innovation to be accompanied by required security measures.

ICT technology governance is a relatively new area. As with the dawn of first automobiles, planes or other technical innovations, people have started to use them without thinking too much on governance, safety or security. Actually, long before the safety belts were required, the autos were used for carrying military equipment, or used as basic construct for military machines. As with other technological innovations, autos and planes were used for demonstration of force for exploitation in conflict situation before there were proper rules how to use these machines safely in peacetime. Most technologies so far have found their use in

defence industry, so it happens now with ICT technology. In addition to the military dimension of ICT technology usage, we are increasingly concerned about the exploitation of cyberspace for criminal purposes.

Profits of cybercriminal organisations are considered now exceeding the total revenue of drugs trafficking. Because of wide availability of computer technology exploitation expertise and relatively easy and low-cost access to cybercrime tools, this activity is expected to grow and will become a major source of revenue for organised crime. Symantec study reveals that 73 % of people in the U.S. have experienced some type of cybercrime [1]. Although it is difficult to attain realistic data on the extent of cybercrime, many companies are suffering from ransom attacks, spam and distributed denial of service attacks on daily basis. Europol as well as law enforcement agencies are trying to produce analyses that reflect the real magnitude of cybercrime but as companies are often hiding their security breaches and cyber intrusions, it is hard to present the real data on cybercrime in statistics [2]. The most common type of cybercrime is to spread malicious programmes through Internet that would hijack the personal computers of home users or of less-protected companies and will later form a botnet infrastructure for criminal industry.

This study will address the current challenges that policy-makers face in addressing the use of cyberspace for national security and criminal purposes, with a special focus on botnet infrastructure that could be exploited for both purposes. In addition to botnets, may other methods exist to disrupt, destruct or manipulate information in the computer systems. These methods are described in the other booklets of the current Springer cyber security series.

The paper will address the issue how to fight botnets from public policy perspective and will offer analysis and possible ways ahead for the policy-making community primarily. It will highlight the complex challenges of the misuse of ICT technologies, and will offer recommendations for policy-makers to guide possible public policy responses.

Content

1. Botnets, Cybercrime and National Security
2. Botnets as a Global Challenge for Industry, Governments and Individual Computer Users
3. Botnets and Cybercrime
4. Botnets and National Security
5. National Policies and Organisational Measures to Address Cyber Threats
6. International Cooperation and Capacity Building as Cornerstone for Better Global Cybersecurity
7. Botnets: How to Fight the Ever-Growing Threat on a Technical Level
8. Botnets: The Current Situation
9. Analyzing the Threat
10. Fighting Botnets
11. Botnets: The Way Ahead

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Download Cyber Warfare: How Conflicts in Cyberspace Are Challenging America and Changing the World by Paul Rosenzweig

Sinopsis

There are a number of people to thank for their help in making this book possible. Certainly, if victory has many parents, then a successful book can only be seen as a victory, with many who deserve thanks for its success.

To begin with, I offer my thanks to Jack Goldsmith of Harvard for the idea for this book. We were talking one day at a seminar in Montana and he suggested the need for a comprehensive survey of this sort. Thanks, too, to Greg Maggs and Peter Raven-Hansen of George Washington University School of Law. They hired me to develop and teach a course on cybersecurity law and policy and the research that went into the course formed the basis of much of this book. I owe them, along with Dean Paul Berman, a deep debt of gratitude

for giving me an intellectual home at George Washington.

Thanks, also, to Angie Chen who teaches a technology and policy course at George Mason University—she loaned me her syllabus from that course and that was my starter material for the course I eventually taught. I owe a special debt of gratitude to my friend, James Carafano, of The Heritage Foundation. Jim and I wrote a book together a few years ago and he is the series editor of this Praeger series. It was at Jim’s urging that I first tried to pull the syllabus into a book proposal format and submit it. Heritage, as well, has been an intellectual home for me over the years and I am deeply grateful to the foundation for its support. Thanks, as well, to Steve Catalano, the acquisitions editor at Praeger, who saw something in the proposal and helped me shepherd it through the approval process. Without either of them, this book would not exist.

Particular thanks must go to the Medill School of Journalism, at Northwestern University, and my colleagues Tim McNulty, Ellen Shearer, Scott Anderson, Josh Meyers, Janice Castro, and Mary Nesbitt. I spent a joyous six months there as a Carnegie Visiting Fellow during 2011. Much of the research for this volume was done while I was in residence there, and I am grateful to them for giving me an academic home from which to work. My especial gratitude to the Carnegie Corporation which funded my Fellowship.

Thanks, as well, to my students at George Washington and Northwestern, who suffered through my development of the seminar and whose own research papers and interests have contributed to my education. One of my students, Brock Dahl, provided helpful comments on some of the early chapters.

There are a number of colleagues (other than those already mentioned) from whom, over the years, I have learned a great deal. Some of the best ideas in this book are ones I first had the chance to discuss with one of them, and I have benefited from innumerable conversations. In alphabetical order, I express an intellectual debt to: Michael Aisenberg, Ken Anderson, William Banks, M.E. “Spike” Bowman, Steve Bucci, Robert Chesney, Paul Clark, Raphael Cohen- Almagor, Jim Dempsey, Steven Dycus, Jayson Healey, Lance Hoffman, Adam Isles, Jeff Jonas, Orin Kerr, John Kropf, Harvey Rishikof, Marcus Sachs, Nathan Sales, Daniel Solove, Jay Stanley, K.A. Taipale, Matthew Waxman, and Benjamin Wittes.

I must also specifically mention a nonattribution e-mail group of which I am a member—The Cyber Loop—and thank my fellow Loopers for all they’ve done to add to my education. Many of the books in the bibliography were first recommended to me by some of them.

Stewart Baker was my boss at the Department of Homeland Security and, in this field, a philosophical guide. Whenever I wonder what the right answer is, I simply ask myself what Stewart will say? And, that usually proves the right answer. And, on those rare occasions when I disagree with him, I always suspect that I’m missing something.

I owe a quick shout-out, as well, to my grandson Aaron Kunzer, who showed me the T-shirt from Think Geek with the binary quote on it that serves as the epigraph of this book. And, I need to thank my parents, Bobbie and Irving Rosenzweig, and my brother Jim for all their love and support over the years. My mother and brother will read this book; I regret that my father did not have the chance to do so before he died.

I have had the opportunity to work with a number of publishers and journal editors over the past two years. Portions of this work have previously appeared in some of those other publications.

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