Download PDF AutoCAD® 2004 Bible by Ellen Finkelstein
Sinopsis
AutoCAD, created by Autodesk, is the most widely used technical drawing program anywhere, with more than 3 million registered users. According to Autodesk, CAD stands for computer-aided design, but can also stand for computeraided drafting or drawing.
The first version of AutoCAD, running under DOS, came out in 1982. AutoCAD was the first significant CAD program to run on a desktop computer. At the time, most other technical drawing programs ran on high-end workstations or even mainframes. AutoCAD’s success has been attributed to its famous open architecture—many source code files in plain text (ASCII) files that you can easily customize and programming languages (such as AutoLISP and Visual Basic for Applications) designed especially so that the end user can program AutoCAD. As a result, AutoCAD is the most flexible drafting program available, applicable to all fields. AutoCAD’s support for languages other than English, including those using other alphabets, is unparalleled, making AutoCAD without serious competition abroad. As a result, AutoCAD is used in all disciplines and in more than 150 countries.
Content
- AutoCAD Basics
- Drawing in Two Dimensions
- Working with Data
- Drawing in Three Dimensions
- Organizing and Managing Drawings
- Customizing AutoCAD
- Programming AutoCAD
Download PDF Java™ Enterprise Design Patterns Patterns in JavaTM, Volume 3 by MARK GRAND
Sinopsis
Software patterns are reusable solutions to recurring problems that occur during software development. For purposes in this book, we refer to software patterns simply as patterns.
What makes a bright, experienced programmer so much more productive than a bright but inexperienced programmer? Experience. Experience gives programmers wisdom. As programmers gain experience, they recognize the similarity between new problems and those problems that they have solved before. With even more experience, they recognize that the solutions for similar problems follow recurring patterns. Experienced programmers recognize the situations where these patterns apply and quickly draw on existing solutions without having to stop, analyze the problems, and then pose possible strategies.
When a programmer discovers a pattern, it’s just an insight. In most cases, to go from a nonverbalized insight to a well-thought-out idea that the programmer can clearly articulate is surprisingly difficult. It’s also an extremely valuable step. When we understand a pattern well enough to put it into words, we are able to intelligently combine it with other patterns. More important, once put into words, a pattern can be used in discussions among programmers who know the pattern. That allows programmers to more effectively collaborate and combine their wisdom. It can also help to avoid the situation where programmers argue over various solutions to a problem only to find out later that they were really thinking of the same solution but expressing it in different ways.
Putting a pattern into words has an additional benefit for less experienced programmers who have not yet discovered the pattern. Once a pattern has been put into words, more experienced programmers can teach it to programmers who are new to the pattern.
This book provides experienced programmers with a common vocabulary to discuss patterns. It also allows programmers who have not yet discovered a pattern to learn about the pattern.
Though this book includes a substantial breadth of patterns, additional patterns did not make it into this book. You, dear reader, may discover some of these patterns for yourself. Some patterns you discover may
be highly specialized and of interest to only a small number of people. Other patterns may be of very broad interest and worthy of inclusion in a future volume of this book.
be highly specialized and of interest to only a small number of people. Other patterns may be of very broad interest and worthy of inclusion in a future volume of this book.
The patterns cataloged in this book convey constructive ways of organizing parts of the software development cycle. Other patterns that recur in programs are not constructive. These types of patterns are called AntiPatterns. Because AntiPatterns can cancel out the benefits of patterns, this book does not attempt to catalog them.
Content
- Introduction to Software Patterns
- Introduction to Software Patterns
- The Software Life Cycle
- Transaction Patterns
- Distributed Architecture Patterns
- Distributed Computing Patterns
- Concurrency Patterns
- Temporal Patterns
- Database Patterns
Download PDF Maya 8 The Complete Reference by Tom Meade and Shinsaku Arima
Sinopsis
Maya is a culmination of technologies created by some of the most prominent computer graphics developers of the past two decades. It is the largest commercial computer application ever written, with levels of complexity and functionality exceeding other high-end 3D animation packages.
Since its release, film effects companies such as Weta Digital, Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), Pixar, Sony Imageworks, and Digital Domain have adopted Maya as their standard application for producing 3D animated effects. Recognizing its technological superiority to its competitors, Sony and Microsoft have helped to define Maya as the industry standard for video game production as well, with companies such as Electronic Arts and LucasArts developing content for the PlayStation and Xbox platforms. Web, print, and industrial designers are also poised to adopt Maya as an industry standard for 3D graphics because of the unlimited functionality and price point not offered by any other 3D application on the market today.
In 2003, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognized these achievements and the software’s impact on the movie industry by awarding Alias with an Oscar for Technical Achievement. In 2006, Alias was purchased and is now owned by Autodesk.
Maya comprises a complete, integrated set of practical, easy-to-use tools for creating complicated special effects. These tools enable 3D modeling; animating; texturing, lighting, and rendering capabilities; and dynamics. Maya’s scripting language, MEL (Maya Embedded Language) allows users the flexibility to create and modify existing toolsets to create their own custom functions and streamline their production processes. The unique level of integration of Maya’s tools prevents compatibility problems often caused in competing applications that rely on plugin technologies or that require additional software packages to create all elements of an animated 3D scene.
So now that you have Maya installed on your computer, how can you begin realizing your creative potential on the screen in front of you? Before we get into the specifics, it is important that you understand the concepts and processes behind a 3D production. In this chapter, we define these processes and explain how Maya handles them.
Content
- Introduction to Maya
- Core Concepts
- The Maya User Interface
- Modeling
- Polygonal Modeling
- Organic Modeling
- Basic NURBS Modeling
- Advanced NURBS Modeling
- Preparing Models for Animation
- Character Setup
- Deformers
- Joints and Skeletons
- Skinning and Advanced Deformations
- Connecting Attributes
- Character Controls
- MEL Scripting
- Animation
- Animation Basics
- Character Animation
- Animation Tools
- Texturing, Lighting, and Rendering
- Texture Basics
- Texturing in Practice
- Painting in Maya
- Lights and Cameras
- Rendering
- Particles, Emitters, and Fields
- Particles and Fields
- Advanced Particle Systems and Effects
- Rigid and Soft Body Dynamics
- Maya Hair
- Postproduction
- Rendering for Postproduction
- Compositing in Postproduction
Download PDF Web Design: The Complete Reference Second Edition by Thomas Powell
Sinopsis
Most discussions of Web design get off track in short order, because what people mean by the expression varies so dramatically. While everyone has some sense of what Web design is, few seem able to define it exactly. Certain components, such as graphic design or programming, are a part of any discussion, but their importance in the construction of sites varies from person to person and from site to site. Some consider the creation and organization of content or, more formally, the information architecture—as the most important aspect of Web design. Other factors ease of use, the value and function of the site within an organization’s overall operations, and site delivery, among many others remain firmly within the realm of Web design. With influences from library science, graphic design, programming, networking, user interface design, usability, and a variety of other sources, Web design is truly a multidisciplinary field.
Defining Web Design
There are five areas that cover the major facets of Web design:
There are five areas that cover the major facets of Web design:
- Content This includes the form and organization of a site’s content. This can range from the way text is written to how it is organized, presented, and structured using a markup technology such as HTML.
- Visuals This refers to the screen layout used in a site. The layout is usually created using HTML, CSS, or even Flash and may include graphic elements either as decoration or for navigation. The visual aspect of the site is the most obvious aspect of Web design, but it is not the sole, or most important, aspect of the discipline.
- Technology While the use of various core Web technologies such as HTML or CSS fall into this category, technology in this context more commonly refers to the various interactive elements of a site, particularly those built using programming techniques. Such elements range from client-side scripting languages like JavaScript to server-side applications such as Java servlets.
- Delivery The speed and reliability of a site’s delivery over the Internet or an internal corporate network are related to the server hardware/software used and to the network architecture employed.
- Purpose The reason the site exists, often related to an economic issue, is arguably the most important part of Web design. This element should be considered in all decisions involving the other areas.
Content
- Foundation
- What Is Web Design?
- User-Centered Design
- The Web Medium
- The Web Design Process
- Evaluating Web Sites
- Site Organization and Navigation
- Site Types and Architectures
- Navigation Theory
- Basic Navigation Practices
- Search
- Site Maps and Other Navigational Aids
- Elements of Page Design
- Pages and Layout
- Text
- Color
- Images
- GUI Widgets and Forms
- Technology and Web Design
- Web Technology Best Practices
- Site Delivery and Management
Download PDF AutoCAD® Platform Customization User Interface and Beyond by Lee Ambrosius
Sinopsis
Welcome to AutoCAD Platform Customization! Have you ever thought about customizing the Autodesk® AutoCAD® program only to think it is not for you because you’re not a programmer? If so, you are not alone—many people connect customization with programming. However, customization is not the same as programming, although programming can be considered a form of customization.
While using one of the supported programming languages can be useful in implementing custom workfl ows and new commands, simpler ways exist to increase your drafting efficiency in a shorter period of time. AutoCAD supports a wide range of customization features that you can learn and begin to leverage in minutes, which can lead to improved CAD standards and a decrease in the amount of time it takes to complete a task.
I, like many others—even you, most likely—have customized AutoCAD without even realizing it. Have you ever created a new layer, text style, or block? Chances are pretty good that you have created one or more of those items before. You might have even stored those items in a drawing template (DWT) fi le so they would be available each time a new drawing was created. While you might not have thought about these as forms of customization, they are indeed a few of the basic drawing customization features that can be used to enhance the out-of-the-box AutoCAD experience.
Drawing customization affects the appearance of and settings in a drawing fi le or drawing template file, and should form the cornerstone of your company’s CAD standards. Often when people think of customization, they think of application customization, which includes the support fi les that AutoCAD uses, as well as the tools in the application’s user interface. Application customization is not dependent on which drawing is currently open, but on which user profi le or workspace is current.
Content
- Establishing the Foundation for Drawing Standards
- Working with Nongraphical Objects
- Building the Real World One Block at a Time
- Manipulating the Drawing Environment
- Customizing the AutoCAD User Interface for Windows
- Customizing the AutoCAD User Interface for Mac
- Creating Tools and Tool Palettes
- Automating Repetitive Tasks
- Defining Shapes, Linetypes, and Hatch Patterns
- Using, Loading, and Managing Custom Files
Download PDF Architecting The Cloud Design Decisions For Cloud Computing Service Model by Michael J. Kavis
Sinopsis
There was a time when every household, town, farm, or village had its own water well. Today, shared public utilities give us access to clean water by simply turning on the tap; cloud computing works in a similar fashion. Just like water from the tap in your kitchen, cloud computing services can be turned on or off quickly as needed. Like at the water company, there is a team of dedicated professionals making sure the service provided is safe, secure, and available on a 24/7 basis. When the tap isn’t on, not only are you saving water, but you aren’t paying for resources you don’t currently need.
In 2009, I was invited to the IBM Impact conference in Las Vegas as a guest blogger and analyst. Cloud computing was a vastly misunderstood term at that time, and there were very few enterprises leveraging any cloud services other than a few of the mature SaaS solutions like Salesforce.com and Concur’s expense management software. I witnessed some very intelligent senior IT people from various companies scoffing at the term cloud computing. I can still hear the lines: “We were doing this on the mainframe in the ’60s” and “There is nothing new here, this is just a fad.” At that time, my team of one developer was testing a prototype that was executing hundreds of thousands concurrent point-of-sale (POS) transactions to the cloud and back in subsecond response time on a virtual cloud server, costing us about half a dollar an hour charged against my CEO’s credit card. I started to think about how much it would cost to implement the infrastructure, licenses, and professional services to perform a proof-of-concept on-premises. I also thought about how many months it would take to go through a vendor evaluation, the procurement process, and all of the steps required to make a capital expenditure that would have been required to buy servers from a large vendor like IBM. At the end of several months, I would finally have all the hardware, software, licenses, and professional services that my developer would need to test his proof-of-concept. My start-up would have been out of cash by then, and all I would have to show for it would have been a few lunches paid for and a nice golf shirt with the vendor’s logo on it.
Content
- Why Cloud, Why Now?
- Evolution of Cloud Computing
- Enter the Cloud
- Start-Up Case Study: Instagram, from Zero to a Billion Overnight
- Established Company Case Study: Netflix, Shifting from On-Premises to the Cloud
- Government Case Study: NOAA, E-mail, and Collaboration in the Cloud
- Not-for-Profit Case Study: Obama Campaign, Six-Month Shelf-Life with One Big Peak
- Cloud Service Models
- Platform as a Service
- Software as a Service
- Deployment Models
- Cloud Computing Worst Practices
- Avoiding Failure When Moving to the Cloud
- Migrating Applications to the Cloud
- Misguided Expectations
- Misinformed about Cloud Security
- Selecting a Favorite Vendor, Not an Appropriate Vendor
- Outages and Out-of-Business Scenarios
- Underestimating the Impacts of Organizational Change
- Skills Shortage
- Misunderstanding Customer Requirements
- Unexpected Costs
- It Starts with Architecture
- The Importance of Why, Who, What, Where, When, and How
- Start with the Business Architecture
- Identify the Problem Statement (Why)
- Evaluate User Characteristics (Who)
- Identify Business and Technical Requirements (What)
- Visualize the Service Consumer Experience (Where)
- Identify the Project Constraints (When and with What)
- Understand Current State Constraints (How)
- Choosing the Right Cloud Service Model
- Considerations When Choosing a Cloud Service Model
- When to Use SaaS
- When to Use PaaS
- When to Use IaaS
- Common Cloud Use Cases
- The Key to the Cloud
- Why REST?
- The Challenges of Migrating Legacy Systems to the Cloud
- Auditing in the Cloud
- Data and Cloud Security
- Auditing Cloud Applications
- Regulations in the Cloud
- Audit Design Strategies
- Data Considerations in the Cloud
- Data Characteristics
- Multitenant or Single Tenant
- Choosing Data Store Types
- Security Design in the Cloud
- The Truth about Data in the Cloud
- How Much Security Is Required
- Responsibilities for Each Cloud Service Model
- Security Strategies
- Areas of Focus
- Creating a Centralized Logging Strategy
- Log File Uses
- Logging Requirements
- SLA Management
- Factors That Impact SLAs
- Defining SLAs
- Managing Vendor SLAs
- Monitoring Strategies
- Proactive vs. Reactive Monitoring
- What Needs to Be Monitored?
- Monitoring Strategies by Category
- Monitoring by Cloud Service Level
- Disaster Recovery Planning
- What Is the Cost of Downtime?
- Disaster Recovery Strategies for IaaS
- Recovering from a Disaster in the Primary Data Center
- Disaster Recovery Strategies for PaaS
- Disaster Recovery Strategies for SaaS
- Disaster Recovery Hybrid Clouds
- Leveraging a DevOps Culture to Deliver Software Faster and More Reliably
- Developing the DevOps Mind-Set
- Automate Infrastructure
- Automate Deployments
- Design Feature Flags
- Measure, Monitor, and Experiment
- Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery
- Assessing the Organizational Impact of the Cloud Model
- Enterprise Model vs. Elastic Cloud Model
- IT Impact
- Business Impacts
- Organization Change Planning
- Change in the Real World
- Final Thoughts
- The Cloud Is Evolving Rapidly
- Cloud Culture
- New Business Models
- PaaS Is the Game Changer
Download PDF Bridge Engineering Handbook seismic design SECOND EDITION by Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan
Sinopsisi
The Bridge Engineering Handbook is a unique, comprehensive, and state-of-the-art reference work and resource book covering the major areas of bridge engineering with the theme “bridge to the twenty- first century.” It has been written with practicing bridge and structural engineers in mind. The ideal readers will be MS-level structural and bridge engineers with a need for a single reference source to keep abreast of new developments and the state-of-the-practice, as well as to review standard practices.
The areas of bridge engineering include planning, analysis and design, construction, maintenance, and rehabilitation. To provide engineers a well-organized, user-friendly, and easy-to-follow resource, the handbook is divided into seven sections. Section I, Fundamentals, presents conceptual design, aesthetics, planning, design philosophies, bridge loads, structural analysis, and modeling. Section II, Superstructure Design, reviews how to design various bridges made of concrete, steel, steel-concrete composites, and timbers; horizontally curved, truss, arch, cable-stayed, suspension, floating, movable, and railroad bridges; and expansion joints, deck systems, and approach slabs. Section III, Substructure Design, addresses the various substructure components: bearings, piers and columns, towers, abutments and retaining structures, geotechnical considerations, footings, and foundations. Section IV, Seismic Design, provides earthquake geotechnical and damage considerations, seismic analysis and design, seismic isolation and energy dissipation, soil–structure–foundation interactions, and seismic retrofit technology and practice. Section V, Construction and Maintenance, includes construction of steel and concrete bridges, substructures of major overwater bridges, construction inspections, maintenance inspection and rating, strengthening, and rehabilitation. Section VI, Special Topics, addresses in-depth treatments of some important topics and their recent developments in bridge engineering. Section VII, Worldwide Practice, provides the global picture of bridge engineering history and practice from China, Europe, Japan, and Russia to the U.S.
The handbook stresses professional applications and practical solutions. Emphasis has been placed on ready-to-use materials, and special attention is given to rehabilitation, retrofit, and maintenance. The handbook contains many formulas and tables that give immediate answers to questions arising from practical works. It describes the basic concepts and assumptions, omitting the derivations of formulas and theories, and covers both traditional and new, innovative practices. An overview of the structure, organization, and contents of the book can be seen by examining the table of contents presented at the beginning, while the individual table of contents preceding each chapter provides an in-depth view of a particular subject. References at the end of each chapter can be consulted for more detailed studies.
Content
- Geotechnical Earthquake Considerations
- Earthquake Damage to Bridges
- Dynamic Analysis
- Seismic Random Response Analysis
- Nonlinear Analysis
- Displacement-Based Seismic Design of Bridges
- Seismic Bridge Design Specifications for the United States
- Seismic Design of Concrete Bridges
- Seismic Design of Steel Bridges
- Seismic Design of Thin-Walled Steel and CFT Piers
- Seismic Design of Cable-Supported Bridges
- Seismic Isolation Design for Bridges
- Seismic Retrofit Technology
- Soil–Foundation–Structure Interaction
- Seismic Design Practice in California
- Seismic Design Practice in China
- Seismic Design Practice in Italy
- Seismic Design Practice in Japan
Download PDF Modern C++ Design: Generic Programming and Design Patterns Applied By Andrei Alexandrescu
Sinopsis
Software engineering, maybe more than any other engineering discipline, exhibits a rich multiplicity: You can do the same thing in many correct ways, and there are infinite nuances between right and wrong. Each path opens up a new world. Once you choose a solution, a host of possible variants appears, on and on at all levels—from the system architecture level down to the smallest coding detail. The design of a software system is a choice of solutions out of a combinatorial solution space.
Let's think of a simple, low-level design artifact: a smart pointer (Chapter 7). A smart pointer class can be single threaded or multithreaded, can use various ownership strategies, can make various trade-offs between safety and speed, and may or may not support automatic conversions to the underlying raw pointer type. All these features can be combined freely, and usually exactly one solution is best suited for a given area of your application.
The multiplicity of the design space constantly confuses apprentice designers. Given a software design problem, what's a good solution to it? Events? Objects? Observers? Callbacks? Virtuals? Templates? Up to
a certain scale and level of detail, many different solutions seem to work equally well. The most important difference between an expert software architect and a beginner is the knowledge of what works and what doesn't. For any given architectural problem, there are many competing ways of solving it. However, they scale differently and have distinct sets of advantages and disadvantages, which may or may not be suitable for the problem at hand. A solution that appears to be acceptable on the whiteboard might be unusable in practice.
Designing software systems is hard because it constantly asks you to choose. And in program design, just
as in life, choice is hard.
Content
- Policy-Based Class Design
- Techniques
- Typelists
- Small-Object Allocation
- Generalized Functors
- Implementing Singletons
- Smart Pointers
- Object Factories
- Abstract Factory
- Visitor
- Multimethods
Download PDF CWDP TM Certified Wireless Design Professional Official Study Guide by Shawn M. Jackman
Sinopsis
The content of this book is focused on the real world of wireless design. While this book provides all of the necessary information to pass the CWDP exam, the content is primarily focused on providing tangible value to immediately expand your wireless expertise. The knowledge you will obtain from this book will not only prove valuable if you plan on performing or participating in wireless designs, but will also help you understand what makes WLANs tick, spot design mistakes, troubleshoot pesky clients and applications, understand and quantify RF issues, and more.
Writing a book on wireless design in order to certify career professionals on designing for any equipment vendor isn ’ t a light undertaking. Vendors differ in their approach. There are even different architectures that greatly vary in the way they work, which is certainly the case between equipment vendors, but major architectural differences can even be found between product lines from a single equipment vendor.
The approach taken with the CWDP is far deeper in one area in particular than any other CWNP curriculum has ever embarked upon before — RF. Radio frequency fundamentals is an extremely tough area to teach and is probably the single least understood area of wireless networking across technical professionals. This book aims to change some of that. After all, a house can ’ t be built on a bad foundation. A wired network can ’ t be built using bad cabling. A supersonic jet . . . you get the point. Without the proper foundation for a wireless LAN, the performance will suffer and your network may ultimately fail.
The total focus of this book isn ’ t just the wireless network infrastructure we also explore the client devices that the wireless network infrastructure supports. In Wi - Fi, the communication link of a wireless client and an AP must be in parity with each other. For example, if you switch phones, even with the same mobile network carrier, your experience will vary. Where you may have once had good reception, you won ’ t now, and vice versa. It is no different with Wi - Fi. In fact, it is worse. Mobile network carriers have incredible control over the phones they will support and perform a great deal of engineering before placing them into the hands of customers. Wi - Fi, on the other hand, has many different equipment infrastructure vendors, an even greater disparity of operating modes, and a far greater variety of client devices with comparatively very little rigor and testing between them. Industry standards have a lot of wiggle room, and as a wireless network designer, you need to take this fact into account from the onset. After all, the very reason a wireless network exists is to support client devices.
If you have purchased this book or if you are thinking about purchasing this book, you probably have some interest in taking the CWDP ® (Certifi ed Wireless Design Professional) certifi cation exam or in learning more about what the CWDP certifi cation exam is about. We would like to congratulate you on this fi rst step, and we hope that our book can help you on your journey. Wireless networking is one of the hottest technologies available today and demands for mobility are great among a wide variety of industries. As with many fast - growing technologies, the demand for knowledgeable people is often greater than the supply. The CWDP certifi cation is your opportunity to distinguish yourself from others and a way to prove that you have the knowledge and skills to support this growing industry. This Study Guide was written with that goal in mind.
This book will teach you about wireless networking so that you have the knowledge needed not only to pass the CWDP certification test, but also to be able to design, install, and support wireless networks. We have included review questions at the end of each chapter to help you test your knowledge and prepare for the test. Before we tell you about the certifi cation process and requirements, we must mention that this information may have changed by the time you are taking your test. We recommend that you visit www.cwnp.com as you prepare to study for your test to determine what the current objectives and requirements are.
Content
- Gathering and Analyzing Requirements
- Designing for Client Devices and Applications
- Designing for Applications
- Industry-Specific Design Considerations
- Vendor and WLAN Architecture Selection
- RF Communication Principles
- RF Hardware and 802.11n
- Site Survey Preparation
- Site Survey RF Design
- MAC Layer Design
- Basic WLAN Security Design
- Advanced Enterprise WLAN Security Design
- Documentation and Finalizing the Design Solution
- Post-Installation Validation
- Design Troubleshooting
Download PDF Digital Circuit Analysis and Design with Simulink® Modeling and Introduction to CPLDs and FPGAs Second Edition by Steven T. Karris
Sinopsis
This chapter is an introduction to the decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal numbers, their representation, and conversion from one base to another. The conversion procedures are illustrated with several examples. Throughout this text, a left justified horizontal bar will denote the beginning of an example, and a right justified horizontal bar will denote the end of the example. These bars will not be shown whenever an example begins at the top of a page or at the bottom of a page. Also, when one example follows immediately after a previous example, the right justified bar will be omitted.
Content
- Common Number Systems and Conversions
- Operations in Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Systems
- Sign Magnitude and Floating Point Arithmetic
- Binary Codes
- Fundamentals of Boolean Algebra
- Minterms and Maxterms
- Combinational Logic Circuits
- Sequential Logic Circuits
- Memory Devices
- Advanced Arithmetic and Logic Operations
- Introduction to Field Programmable Devices
Download PDF Matlab Simulation For Radar Systems Design by Bassen R. Mahafza
Sinopsis
The word radar is an abbreviation for RAdio Detection And Ranging. In general, radar systems use modulated waveforms and directive antennas to transmit electromagnetic energy into a specific volume in space to search for targets. Objects (targets) within a search volume will reflect portions of this energy (radar returns or echoes) back to the radar. These echoes are then processed by the radar receiver to extract target information such as range, velocity, angular position, and other target identifying characteristics.
Radars can be classified as ground based, airborne, spaceborne, or ship based radar systems. They can also be classified into numerous categories based on the specific radar characteristics, such as the frequency band, antenna type, and waveforms utilized. Another classification is concerned with the mission and/or the functionality of the radar. This includes: weather, acquisition and search, tracking, track-while-scan, fire control, early warning, over the horizon, terrain following, and terrain avoidance radars. Phased array radars utilize phased array antennas, and are often called multifunction (multimode) radars. A phased array is a composite antenna formed from two or more basic radiators. Array antennas synthesize narrow directive beams that may be steered mechanically or electronically. Electronic steering is achieved by controlling the phase of the electric current feeding the array elements, and thus the name phased array is adopted.
Content
- Introduction to Radar Basics
- Pulsed Radar
- Noise Figure
- Radar Detection
- Radar Waveforms
- The Radar Ambiguity Function
- Pulse Compression
- Surface and Volume Clutter
- Moving Target Indicator (MTI) and Clutter Mitigation
- Phased Arrays
- Target Tracking
- Electronic Countermeasures (ECM)
- Radar Cross Section (RCS)
- High Resolution Tactical Synthetic Aperture Radar (TSAR)
- Signal Processing
Download PDF Robust Control Design with MATLAB by M. M. Konstantinov
Sinopsis
Robustness is of crucial importance in control-system design because real engineering systems are vulnerable to external disturbance and measurement noise and there are always differences between mathematical models used for design and the actual system. Typically, a control engineer is required to design a controller that will stabilise a plant, if it is not stable originally, and satisfy certain performance levels in the presence of disturbance signals, noise interference, unmodelled plant dynamics and plant-parameter variations. These design objectives are best realised via the feedback control mechanism, although it introduces in the issues of high cost (the use of sensors), system complexity (implementation and safety) and more concerns on stability (thus internal stability and stabilising controllers).
Though always being appreciated, the need and importance of robustness in control-systems design has been particularly brought into the limelight during the last two decades. In classical single-input single-output control, robustness is achieved by ensuring good gain and phase margins. Designing for good stability margins usually also results in good, well-damped time responses, i.e. good performance. When multivariable design techniques were first developed in the 1960s, the emphasis was placed on achieving good performance, and not on robustness. These multivariable techniques were based on linear quadratic performance criteria and Gaussian disturbances, and proved to be successful in many aerospace applications where accurate mathematical models can be obtained, and descriptions for external disturbances/noise based on white noise are considered appropriate. However, application of such methods, commonly referred to as the linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) methods, to other industrial problems made apparent the poor robustness properties exhibited by LQG controllers. This led to a substantial research effort to develop a theory that could explicitly address the robustness issue in feedback design. The pioneering work in the development of the forthcoming theory, now known as the H∞ optimal control theory, was conducted in the early 1980s by Zames [170] and Zames and Francis [171]. In the H∞ approach, the designer from the outset specifies a model of system uncertainty, such as additive perturbation and/or output disturbance (details in Chapter 2), that is most suited to the problem at hand. A constrained optimisation is then performed to maximise the robust stability of the closed-loop system to the type of uncertainty chosen, the constraint being the internal stability of the feedback system. In most cases, it would be sufficient to seek a feasible controller such that the closedloop system achieves certain robust stability. Performance objectives can also be included in the optimisation cost function. Elegant solution formulae have been developed, which are based on the solutions of certain algebraic Riccati equations, and are readily available in software packages such as Slicot [119] and MATLABr .
Despite the mature theory ([26, 38, 175]) and availability of software packages, commercial or licensed freeware, many people have experienced difficulties in solving industrial control-systems design problems with these H∞ and related methods, due to the complex mathematics of the advanced approaches and numerous presentations of formulae as well as adequate translations of industrial design into relevant configurations. This book aims at bridging the gap between the theory and applications. By sharing the experiences in industrial case studies with minimum exposure to the theory and formulae, the authors hope readers will obtain an insight into robust industrial controlsystem designs using major H∞ optimisation and related methods. In this chapter, the basic concepts and representations of systems and signals will be discussed.
A control system or plant or process is an interconnection of components to perform certain tasks and to yield a desired response, i.e. to generate desired signal (the output), when it is driven by manipulating signal (the input). A control system is a causal, dynamic system, i.e. the output depends not only the present input but also the input at the previous time.
In general, there are two categories of control systems, the open-loop systems and closed-loop systems. An open-loop system uses a controller or control actuator to obtain the design response. In an open-loop system, the output has no effect on the input. In contrast to an open-loop system, a closed-loop control system uses sensors to measure the actual output to adjust the input in order to achieve desired output. The measure of the output is called the feedback signal, and a closed-loop system is also called a feedback system. It will be shown in this book that only feedback configurations are able to achieve the robustness of a control system.
Content
- Introduction
- Modelling of Uncertain Systems
- Robust Design Specifications
- H∞ Design
- H∞ Loop-shaping Design Procedures
- μ-Analysis and Synthesis
- Lower-order Controllers
- Robust Control of a Mass-Damper-Spring System
- A Triple Inverted Pendulum Control-system Design
- Robust Control of a Hard Disk Drive
- Robust Control of a Distillation Column
- Robust Control of a Rocket
- Robust Control of a Flexible-Link Manipulator
Download PDF Radar Systems Analysis and Design Using MATLAB by Bassem R. Mahafza
Sinopsis
The word radar is an abbreviation for RAdio Detection And Ranging. In general, radar systems use modulated waveforms and directive antennas to transmit electromagnetic energy into a specific volume in space to search for targets. Objects (targets) within a search volume will reflect portions of this energy (radar returns or echoes) back to the radar. These echoes are then processed by the radar receiver to extract target information such as range, velocity, angular position, and other target identifying characteristics.
Radars can be classified as ground based, airborne, spaceborne, or ship based radar systems. They can also be classified into numerous categories based on the specific radar characteristics, such as the frequency band, antenna type, and waveforms utilized. Another classification is concerned with the mission and/or the functionality of the radar. This includes: weather, acquisition and search, tracking, track-while-scan, fire control, early warning, over the horizon, terrain following, and terrain avoidance radars. Phased array radars utilize phased array antennas, and are often called multifunction (multimode) radars. A phased array is a composite antenna formed from two or more basic radiators. Array antennas synthesize narrow directive beams that may be steered, mechanically or electronically. Electronic steering is achieved by controlling the phase of the electric current feeding the array elements, and thus the name phased arrays is adopted.
Radars are most often classified by the types of waveforms they use, or by their operating frequency. Considering the waveforms first, radars can be Continuous Wave (CW) or Pulsed Radars (PR). CW radars are those that continuously emit electromagnetic energy, and use separate transmit and receive antennas. Unmodulated CW radars can accurately measure target radial velocity (Doppler shift) and angular position. Target range information cannot be extracted without utilizing some form of modulation. The primary use of unmodulated CW radars is in target velocity search and track, and in missile guidance. Pulsed radars use a train of pulsed waveforms (mainly with modulation). In this category, radar systems can be classified on the basis of the Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF), as low PRF, medium PRF, and high PRF radars. Low PRF radars are primarily used for ranging where target velocity (Doppler shift) is not of interest. High PRF radars are mainly used to measure target velocity. Continuous wave as well as pulsed radars can measure both target range and radial velocity by utilizing different modulation schemes.
High Frequency (HF) radars utilize the electromagnetic waves’ reflection off the ionosphere to detect targets beyond the horizon. Some examples include the United States Over The Horizon Backscatter (U.S. OTH/B) radar which operates in the frequency range of , the U.S. Navy Relocatable Over The Horizon Radar (ROTHR), see Fig. 1.1, and the Russian Woodpecker radar. Very High Frequency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) bands are used for very long range Early Warning Radars (EWR). Some examples include the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) search and track monopulse radar which operates at (Fig. 1.2), the Perimeter and Acquisition Radar (PAR) which is a very long range multifunction phased array radar, and the early warning PAVE PAWS multifunction UHF phased array radar. Because of the very large wavelength and the sensitivity requirements for very long range measurements, large apertures are needed in such radar systems.
Radars in the L-band are primarily ground based and ship based systems that are used in long range military and air traffic control search operations. Most ground and ship based medium range radars operate in the S-band. For example, the Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) used for air traffic control, and the ship based U.S. Navy AEGIS (Fig. 1.3) multifunction phased array are S-band radars. The Airborne Warning And Control System (AWACS) shown in Fig. 1.4 and the National Weather Service Next Generation Doppler Weather Radar (NEXRAD) are also S-band radars. However, most weather detection radar systems are C-band radars. Medium range search and fire control military radars and metric instrumentation radars are also C-band.
The X-band is used for radar systems where the size of the antenna constitutes a physical limitation; this includes most military multimode airborne radars. Radar systems that require fine target detection capabilities and yet cannot tolerate the atmospheric attenuation of higher frequency bands may also be X-band. The higher frequency bands (Ku, K, and Ka) suffer severe weather and atmospheric attenuation. Therefore, radars utilizing these frequency bands are limited to short range applications, such as the police traffic radars, short range terrain avoidance, and terrain following radars. Milli-Meter Wave (MMW) radars are mainly limited to very short range Radio Frequency (RF) seekers and experimental radar systems.
Content
- Radar Fundamentals
- Radar Cross Section (RCS)
- Continuous Wave and Pulsed Radars
- Radar Detection
- Radar Waveforms Analysis
- Matched Filter and the Radar Ambiguity Function
- Pulse Compression
- Radar Wave Propagation
- Clutter and Moving Target Indicator (MTI)
- Radar Antennas
- Target Tracking
- Synthetic Aperture Radar
- Signal Processing
Download PDF Unit 6: Software design and development
Sinopsis
Software design and development is a 10-credit unit designed to introduce the learner to the processes involved in creating a bespoke (or tailor-made) program for a business client.
It focuses on the steps required to get the job done properly, from understanding the client’s initial request, to selecting an appropriate programming language and then proceeding to create a workable solution that meets the client’s needs.
Although this unit does not specify a target programming language, this book focuses on those languages that are most likely to be used in both a learning and commercial environment. It is through examining such examples that the world of programming will open up to you!
Download PDF VLIW Microprocessor Hardware Design For ASIC and FPGA by Weng Fook Lee
Sinopsis
Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in the world today. They are used in everyday electronic systems, be it systems used in industry or systems used by consumers. Complex electronic systems such as computers, ATM machines, POS systems, financial systems, transaction systems, control systems, and database systems all use some form of microcontroller or microprocessor as the core of their system. Consumer electronic systems such as home security systems, chip-based credit cards, microwave ovens, cars, cell phones, PDAs, refrigerators, and other daily appliances have within the core of their systems either a microcontroller or microprocessor. What are microcontrollers and microprocessors? If they are such a big part of our daily lives, what exactly are their function? Microprocessors and microcontrollers are very similar in nature. In fact, from a top level perspective, a microprocessor is the core of a microcontroller. Amicrocontroller basically consists of a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU) with peripheral logic surrounding the microprocessor core. As such it can be viewed that a microprocessor is
the building block for a microcontroller (Figure 1.1). Amicrocontroller has many uses. It is commonly used to provide a system level solution for things such as controlling a car’s electronic system, home security systems, ATM system, communication systems, daily consumer appliances (such as microwave oven, washing machine), and many others.
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