Download PDF MARCH’S ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY REACTIONS, MECHANISMS, AND STRUCTURE SEVENTH EDITION by Michael B. Smith
Sinopsis
Localized chemical bonding may be defined as bonding in which the electrons are sharedby two and only two nuclei. Such bonding is the essential feature associated with the structure of organic molecules.1 Chapter 2 will discuss delocalized bonding, in which electrons are shared by more than two nuclei.
Content
- Localized Chemical Bonding
- Delocalized Chemical Bonding
- Bonding Weaker Than Covalent
- Stereochemistry and Conformation
- Carbocations, Carbanions, Free Radicals, Carbenes, and Nitrenes
- Mechanisms and Methods of Determining them
- Irradiation Processes in Organic Chemistry
- Acids and Bases
- Effects of Structure and Medium on Reactivity
- Aliphatic Substitution, Nucleophilic and Organometallic
- Aromatic Substitution, Electrophilic
- Aliphatic, Alkenyl, and Alkynyl Substitution, Electrophilic and Organometallic
- Aromatic Substitution: Nucleophilic and Organometallic
- Substitution Reactions: Radical
- Addition to Carbon–Carbon Multiple Bonds
- Addition to Carbon–Hetero Multiple Bonds
- Eliminations
- Rearrangements
- Oxidations and Reductions
Download PDF BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY by IVANO BERTINI
Sinopsis
Living organisms store and transport transition metals both to provide appropriate concentrations of them for use in metalloproteins or cofactors and to protect themselves against the toxic effects of metal excesses; metalloproteins and metal cofactors are found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. The normal concentration range for each metal in biological systems is narrow, with both deficiencies and excesses causing pathological changes. In multicellular organisms, composed of a variety of specialized cell types, the storage of transition metals and the synthesis of the transporter molecules are not carried out by all types of cells, but rather by specific cells that specialize in these tasks. The form of the metals is always ionic, but the oxidation state can vary, depending on biological needs. Transition metals for which biological storage and transport are significant are, in order of decreasing abundance in living organisms: iron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, cobalt, chromium, vanadium, and nickel. Although zinc is not strictly a transition metal, it shares many bioinorganic properties with transition metals and is considered with them in this chapter. Knowledge of iron storage and transport is more complete than for any other metal in the group.
Content
- Transition-Metal Storage, Transport, and Biomineralization
- The Reaction Pathways of Zinc Enzymes and Related Biological Catalysts
- Calcium in Biological Systems
- Biological and Synthetic Dioxygen Carriers
- Dioxygen Reactions
- Electron Transfer
- Ferredoxins, Hydrogenases, and Nitrogenases: Metal-Sulfide Proteins
- Metal/Nucleic-Acid Interactions
- Metals in Medicine
Download PDF Analytical Chemistry Theoretical and Metrological Fundamentals by K. Danzer
Sinopsis
Analytical chemistry is one of the oldest scientiˇc disciplines. Its history can be traced back to the ancient Egyptians, about four to ˇve thousand years ago (Szabadvary [1966], Malissa [1987], Yordanov [1987]). But notwithstanding its long history, analytical chemistry is always an essential factor in the development of modern scientiˇc and industrialised society. The development of chemistry itself has progressed signiˇcantly by analytical ˇndings over several centuries. Fundamental knowledge of general chemistry is based on analytical studies, the laws of simple and multiple proportions as well as the law of mass action. Most of the chemical elements have been discovered by the application of analytical chemistry, at ˇrst by means of chemical methods, but in the last 150 years mainly by physical methods. Especially spectacular were the spectroscopic discoveries of rubidium and caesium by Bunsen and Kirchhoff, indium by Reich and Richter, helium by Janssen, Lockyer, and Frankland, and rhenium by Noddack and Tacke. Also, nuclear ˇssion became evident as Hahn and Strassmann carefully analyzed the products of neutron-bombarded uranium.
In recent times, analytical chemistry has stimulated not only chemistry but many ˇelds of science, technology and society. Conversely, analytical chemistry itself has always been heavily in uenced by ˇelds like nuclear engineering, materials science, environmental protection, biology, and medicine. Figure 1.1 shows by which challenges analytical chemistry has been stimulated to improved performances within the last half century. Wilhelm Ostwald [1894], who published the ˇrst comprehensive textbook on analytical chemistry, emphasized in it the service function of analytical chemistry. This fact has not changed until now. Interactions with all the ˇelds of application have always had a promoting in uence on analytical chemistry.
Content
- Object of Analytical Chemistry
- The Analytical Process
- Signals in Analytical Chemistry
- Statistical Evaluation of Analytical Results
- Studying In uences and Optimizing Analytical Procedure
- Calibration in Analytical Chemistry
- Analytical Performance Characteristics
- Presentation, Interpretation and Validation of Analytical Results
- Assessment of Analytical Information
Download PDF Chemistry The Central Science 13TH Edition by Theodore L. Brown
Sinopsis
Authors traditionally revise roughly 25% of the end of chapter questions when producing a new edition. These changes typically involve modifying numerical variables/identities of chemical formulas to make them “new” to the next batch of students. While these changes are appropriate for the printed version of the text, one of the strengths of MasteringChemistry® is itsability to randomize variables so that every student receives a “different” problem. Hence, the effort which authors have historically put into changing variables can now be used to improve questions. In order to make informed decisions, the author team consulted the massive reservoir of data available through MasteringChemistry® to revise their question bank. In particular, they analyized which problems were frequently assigned and why; they paid careful attention to the amount of time it took students to work through a problem (flagging those that took longer than expected) and they observed the wrong answer submissions and hints used (a measure used to calculate the difficulty of problems). This “metadata” served as a starting point for the discussion of which end of chapter questions should be changed.
For example, the breadth of ideas presented in Chapter 9 challenges students to understand three-dimensional visualization while simultaneously introducing several new concepts (particularly VSEPR, hybrids, and Molecular Orbital theory) that challenge their critical thinking skills. In revising the exercises for the chapter, the authors drew on the metadata as well as their own experience in assigning Chapter 9 problems in Mastering Chemistry. From these analyses, we were able to articulate two general revision guidelines.
Content
- Introduction: Matter and Measurement
- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
- Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry
- Reactions in Aqueous Solution
- Thermochemistry
- Electronic Structure of Atoms
- Periodic Properties of the Elements
- Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding
- Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
- Gases
- Liquids and Intermolecular Forces
- Solids and Modern Materials
- Properties of Solutions
- Chemical Kinetics
- Chemical Equilibrium
- Acid–Base Equilibria
- Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria
- Chemistry of the Environment
- Chemical Thermodynamics
- Electrochemistry
- Nuclear Chemistry
- Chemistry of the Nonmetals
- Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
- The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry
Download PDF Modern Analytical Chemistry by David Harvey
Sinopsis
Chemistry is the study of matter, including its composition, structure, physical properties, and reactivity. There are many approaches to studying chemistry, but, for convenience, we traditionally divide it into five fields: organic, inorganic, physical, biochemical, and analytical. Although this division is historical and arbitrary, as witnessed by the current interest in interdisciplinary areas such as bioanalytical and organometallic chemistry, these five fields remain the simplest division spanning the discipline of chemistry. Training in each of these fields provides a unique perspective to the study of chemistry. Undergraduate chemistry courses and textbooks are more than a collection of facts; they are a kind of apprenticeship. In keeping with this spirit, this text introduces the field of analytical chemistry and the unique perspectives that analytical chemists bring to the study of chemistry.
Content
- Introduction
- Basic Tools of Analytical Chemistry
- The Language of Analytical Chemistry
- Evaluating Analytical Data
- Calibrations, Standardizations, and Blank Corrections
- Equilibrium Chemistry
- Obtaining and Preparing Samples for Analysis
- Gravimetric Methods of Analysis
- Titrimetric Methods of Analysis
- Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis
- Electrochemical Methods of Analysis
- Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods
- Kinetic Methods of Analysis
- Developing a Standard Method
- Quality Assurance
Download PDF Organic Chemistry Fourth Edition by Paula Yurkanis Bruice
Sinopsis
To stay alive, early humans must have been able to tell the difference between two kinds of materials in their world. “You can live on roots and berries,” they might have said, “but you can’t live on dirt. You can stay warm by burning tree branches, but you can’t burn rocks.” By the eighteenth century, scientists thought they had grasped the nature of that difference, and in 1807, Jöns Jakob Berzelius gave names to the two kinds of materials. Compounds derived from living organisms were believed to contain an unmeasurable vital force—the essence of life. These he called “organic.” Compounds derived from minerals—those lacking that vital force—were “inorganic.” Because chemists could not create life in the laboratory, they assumed they could not create compounds with a vital force. With this mind-set, you can imagine how surprised chemists were in 1828 when Friedrich Wöhler produced urea—a compound known to be excreted by mammals—by heating ammonium cyanate, an inorganic mineral.
For the first time, an “organic” compound had been obtained from something other than a living organism and certainly without the aid of any kind of vital force. Clearly, chemists needed a new definition for “organic compounds.” Organic compounds are now defined as compounds that contain carbon.
Why is an entire branch of chemistry devoted to the study of carbon-containing compounds? We study organic chemistry because just about all of the molecules that make life possible proteins, enzymes, vitamins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids—contain carbon, so the chemical reactions that take place in living systems, including our own bodies, are organic reactions. Most of the compounds found in nature those we rely on for food, medicine, clothing (cotton, wool, silk), and energy (natural gas, petroleum) are organic as well. Important organic compounds are not, however, limited to the ones we find in nature. Chemists have learned to synthesize millions of organic compounds never found in nature, including synthetic fabrics, plastics, synthetic rubber, medicines, and even things like photographic film and Super glue. Many of these synthetic compounds prevent shortages of naturally occurring products. For example, it has been estimated that if synthetic materials were not available for clothing, all of the arable land in the United States would have to be used for the production of cotton and wool just to provide enough material to clothe us. Currently, there are about 16 million known organic compounds, and many more are possible.
Download PDF Organic Chemistry Seventh Edition by William H. Brown
Sinopsis
According to the simplest definition, organic chemistry is the study of the compounds of carbon. Perhaps its most remarkable feature is that most organic compounds consist of carbon and only a few other elements—chiefly, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Chemists have discovered or made well over 10 million compounds composed of carbon and these three other elements. Organic compounds are all around us—in our foods, flavors, and fragrances; in our medicines, toiletries, and cosmetics; in our plastics, films, fibers, and resins; in our paints and varnishes; in our glues and adhesives; in our fuels and lubricants; and, of course, in our bodies and the bodies of all living things.
Let us review how the elements of C, H, O, and N combine by sharing electron pairs to form bonds, and ultimately molecules. No doubt, you have encountered much of this initial material in previous chemistry courses; however, the chapters that follow require your ability to use this knowledge fluently.
An atom contains a small, dense nucleus made of neutrons and positively charged protons. Most of the mass of an atom is contained in its nucleus. The nucleus is surrounded by an extranuclear space containing negatively charged electrons. The nucleus of an atom has a diameter of 10214 to 10215 meters (m). The electrons occupy a much larger volume with a diameter of approximately 10210 m (Figure 1.1). Shells define the probability of finding an electron in various regions of space relative to the nucleus. The energy of electrons in the shells is quantized. Quantization means that only specific values of energy are possible, rather than a continuum of values. These shells occur only at quantized energies in which three important effects balance each other. The first is the electrostatic attraction that draws the electrons toward the nucleus; the second is the electrostatic repulsion between the electrons; and the third is the wavelike nature of an electron that prefers to be delocalized, thereby spreading the electron density away from the nuclei. Delocalization describes the spreading of electron density over a larger volume of space. Electron shells are identified by the principal quantum numbers 1, 2, 3, and so forth. Each shell can contain up to 2n2 electrons, where n is the number of the shell. Thus, the first shell can contain 2 electrons; the second, 8 electrons; the third, 18 electrons; the fourth, 32 electrons; and so on (Table 1.1). Electrons in the first shell are nearest to the positively charged nucleus and are held most strongly by it; these electrons are lowest in energy. Electrons in higher-numbered shells are farther from the positively charged nucleus and are held less strongly.
Content
- Covalent Bonding and Shapes of Molecules
- Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
- Stereoisomerism and Chirality
- Acids and Bases
- Alkenes: Bonding, Nomenclature, and Properties
- Reactions of Alkenes
- Alkynes
- Haloalkanes, Halogenation, and Radical Reactions
- Nucleophilic Substitution and b-Elimination
- Alcohols
- Ethers, Epoxides, and Sulfides
- Infrared Spectroscopy
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Mass Spectrometry
- An Introduction to Organometallic Compounds
- Aldehydes and Ketones
- Carboxylic Acids
- Functional Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids
- Enolate Anions and Enamines
- Dienes, Conjugated Systems, and Pericyclic Reactions
- Benzene and the Concept of Aromaticity
- Reactions of Benzene and Its Derivatives
- Amines
- Catalytic Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Amino Acids and Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
- Organic Polymer Chemistry
Download PDF Physical Chemistry Second Edition by David W. Ball
Sinopsis
Much of physical chemistry can be presented in a developmental manner: One can grasp the easy ideas first and then progress to the more challenging ideas, which is similar to how these ideas were developed in the first place. Two of the major topics of physical chemistry thermodynamics and quantum mechanics lend themselves naturally to this approach.
In this first chapter on physical chemistry, we revisit a simple idea from general chemistry: gas laws. Gas laws straightforward mathematical expressions that relate the observable properties of gases were among the first quantifications of chemistry, dating from the 1600s, a time when the ideas of alchemy ruled. Gas laws provided the first clue that quantity, how much, is important in understanding nature. Some gas laws like Boyle’s, Charles’s, Amontons’s, and Avogadro’s laws are simple mathematically. Others can be very complex.
Chemistry understands that matter is composed of atoms and molecules, so we will also need to understand how physical chemical ideas relate to these particles; that is, we can take a molecular approach to the topic. We will adopt this approach many times in the next few chapters.
In chemistry, the study of large, or macroscopic, systems involves thermodynamics; in small, or microscopic, systems, it can involve quantum mechanics. In systems that change their structures over time, the topic is kinetics. But they all have basic connections with thermodynamics. We will begin the study of physical chemistry with thermodynamics: the study of heat and work in chemistry.
Content
- Gases and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- The First Law of Thermodynamics
- The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
- Gibbs Energy and Chemical Potential
- Introduction to Chemical Equilibrium
- Equilibria in Single-Component Systems
- Equilibria in Multiple-Component Systems
- Electrochemistry and Ionic Solutions
- Pre-Quantum Mechanics
- Introduction to Quantum Mechanics
- Quantum Mechanics: Model Systems and the Hydrogen Atom
- Atoms and Molecules
- Introduction to Symmetry in Quantum Mechanics
- Rotational and Vibrational Spectroscopy
- Introduction to Electronic Spectroscopy and Structure
- Introduction to Magnetic Spectroscopy
- Statistical Thermodynamics: Introduction
- More Statistical Thermodynamics
- The Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Kinetics
- The Solid State: Crystals
- Surfaces
Download PDF METAL CASTING Appropriate technology in the small foundry by STEVE HURST
Sinopsis
The handbook is written for the artisan, metal caster or entrepreneur with more ingenuity than capital. It is aimed at small industries with limited resources. An engineer in a university, or a metallurgist in a large steel works, could pick out many processes that are not described in detail. There is not the space to cover the most recent developments, or processes demanding high capital outiay, important though these developments are. Where appropriate these processes are mentioned in outline. Simple guidelines in the first section are followed by examples. Using the examples and Contents list, you should have no difficulty finding the process suited to the object you wish to manufacture. For quick reference there is a Glossary covering the different processes and materials in alphabetical order.
Finally, only a fool insists that there is one way, and one way only, to approach a practical problem. There are many useful methods; the difficulty lies in selecting the method most appropriate to the job, bearing in mind the financial and supply problems of the workshop.
Content
- Introduction
- Setting up the workshop
- Pattern making
- Flexible moulds for the mass-production of wax patterns
- Sand casting
- Lost-wax casting
- The ceramic shell process
- Die casting
- Melting and pouring metal
- Metallurgy and the low budget foundry
- Kilns and furnaces
- Faults, fettling and finishing
Download Holt MC Dougal Modern Chemistry by Sarquis
Sinopsis
The natural sciences were once divided into two broad categories: the biological sciences and the physical sciences. The biological sciences focus mainly on living things. The physical sciences focus mainly on nonliving things. However, because we now know that both living and nonliving matter consist of chemical structures, chemistry is central to all the sciences, and there are no longer distinct divisions between the biological and physical sciences.
Content
- Matter and Change
- Measurements and Calculations
- ATOMS: THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF MATTER
- Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms
- The periodic law
- Chemical Bonding
- Chemical Formulas AND CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
- Chemical Equations and Reactions
- Stoichiometry
- States of Matter
- Gases
- Solutions
- Ions in AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND Colligative properties
- Acids and Bases
- Acid-Base Titration and pH
- Reaction Energy
- Reaction Kinetics
- Chemical Equilibrium
- OXIDATION -REDUCTION REACTIONS
- Electrochemistry
- NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
- ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
Download PDF Introduction to Enzyme and Coenzyme Chemistry Second Edition by T.D.H. Bug
Sinopsis
Enzymes are giant macromolecules which catalyse biochemical reactions. They are remarkable in many ways. Their three-dimensional structures are highly complex, yet they are formed by spontaneous folding of a linear polypeptide chain. Their catalytic properties are far more impressive than synthetic catalysts which operate under more extreme conditions. Each enzyme catalyses a single chemical reaction on a particular chemical substrate with very high enantioselectivity and enantiospeciWcity at rates which approach ‘catalytic perfection’. Living cells are capable of carrying out a huge repertoire of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions, some of which have little or no precedent in organic chemistry. In this book I shall seek to explain from the perspective of organic chemistry what enzymes are, how they work, and how they catalyse many of the major classes of enzymatic reactions.
Content
- From Jack Beans to Designer Genes
- All Enzymes are Proteins
- Enzymes are Wonderful Catalysts
- Methods for Studying Enzymatic Reactions
- Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Group Transfer Reactions
- Enzymatic Redox Chemistry
- Enzymatic Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation
- Enzymatic Addition/Elimination Reactions
- Enzymatic Transformations of Amino Acids
- Isomerases
- Radicals in Enzyme Catalysis
- Non-Enzymatic Biological Catalysis
Download PDF Organic Chemistry by T.W. Graham Solomons
Sinopsis
That’s what we want students to exclaim after they become acquainted with our subject. Our lives revolve around organic chemistry, whether we all realize it or not. When we understand organic chemistry, we see how life itself would be impossible without it, how the quality of our lives depends upon it, and how examples of organic chemistry leap out at us from every direction.
That’s why we can envision students enthusiastically exclaiming “It’s organic chemistry!” when, perhaps, they explain to a friend or family member how one central theme—organic chemistry— pervades our existence. We want to help students experience the excitement of seeing the world through an organic lens, and how the unifying and simplifying nature of organic chemistry helps make many things in nature comprehensible. Our book makes it possible for students to learn organic chemistry well and to see the marvelous ways that organic chemistry touches our lives on a daily basis. Our book helps students develop their skills in critical thinking, problem solving, and analysis—skills that are so important in today’s world, no matter what career paths they choose. The richness of organic chemistry lends itself to solutions for our time, from the fields of health care, to energy, sustainability, and the environment.
After all, it’s organic chemistry!
Guided by these goals, and by wanting to make our book even more accessible to students than it has ever been before, we have brought many changes to this edition.
Content
- The Basics Bonding and Molecular Structure
- Families of Carbon Compounds Functional Groups, Intermolecular Forces, and Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
- Acids and Bases An Introduction to Organic Reactions and Their Mechanisms
- Nomenclature and Conformations of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
- Stereochemistry Chiral Molecules
- Ionic Reactions Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides
- Alkenes and Alkynes I Properties and Synthesis. Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides
- Alkenes and Alkynes II Addition Reactions
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mass Spectrometry Tools for Structure Determination
- Radical Reactions
- Alcohols and Ethers Synthesis and Reactions
- Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds Oxidation–Reduction and Organometallic Compounds
- Conjugated Unsaturated Systems
- Aromatic Compounds
- Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
- Aldehydes and Ketones Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl
- Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives Nucleophilic Addition–Elimination at the Acyl Carbon
- Reactions at the A Carbon of Carbonyl Compounds Enols and Enolates
- Condensation and Conjugate Addition Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds More Chemistry of Enolates
- Amines
- Phenols and Aryl Halides Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Amino Acids and Proteins
- Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
Download PDF CARBON NANOMATERIALS By Yury Gogotsi
Sinopsis
Since the discovery and the bulk production2,3 of fullerenes an integrated research field involving organic transformations of these all-carbon hollow-cluster materials has emerged. C60 has been the most thoroughly studied member of fullerenes because it (1) is produced abundantly in the carbon soot by the arc discharge of graphite electrodes, (2) has high symmetry (icosahedral Ih with all 60 carbons chemically equivalent), (3) is less expensive, (4) is relatively inert under mild conditions, and (5) shows negligible toxicity. Electronically, C60 is described as having a closed-shell configuration consisting of 30 bonding molecular orbitals with 60 p electrons,4 which give rise to a completely full fivefold degenerate hu highest occupied molecular orbital that is energetically located approximately 1.5 to 2.0 eV lower than the corresponding antibonding lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) one.5,6 The first electron in the reduction of C60 is added to a triply degenerate t1u unoccupied molecular orbital and is highly delocalized.7 This threefold-degeneracy, together with the low-energy possession of the LUMO, make C60 a fairly good electron acceptor with the ability of reversibly gaining up to six electrons upon reduction.8,9 The facile reduction contrasts with its difficult oxidation. Only the first three reversible oxidation waves have been observed.10 This high degree of symmetry in the arrangement of the molecular orbitals of C60 provides the foundation for a plethora of intriguing physicochemical, electronic, and magnetic properties. Semiconducting,11 magnetic,12–16 and superconducting17–19 properties of unmodified C60 have been intensively investigated; however, these properties remain to be explored for functionalized fullerenes. On the other hand, nonlinear optical and photophysical properties of functionalized fullerene materials have already been under investigation.
Content
- Fullerenes and Their Derivatives
- Carbon Nanotubes: Structure and Properties
- Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes
- Graphite Whiskers, Cones, and Polyhedral Crystals
- Nanocrystalline Diamond
- Carbide-Derived Carbon
- Nanotubes in Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites
- Nanostructured Materials for Field Emission Devices
- Nanotextured Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Download PDF A LEVEL CHEMISTRY REVISION GUIDE by David Bevan
Sinopsis
This book is intended to help you to prepare for your University of Cambridge International AS and A level chemistry examinations. It is a revision guide, which you can use alongside your usual textbook as you work through your course, and also towards the end when you are revising for your examination. The guide has four main sections:
- This Introduction contains an overview of the AS and A2 chemistry courses and how they are assessed, some advice on revision and advice on the question papers.
- The Content Guidance provides a summary of the facts and concepts that you need to know for the AS and A2 chemistry examinations.
- The Experimental Skills section explains the data-handling skills you will need to answer some of the questions in the written papers. It also explains the practical skills that you will need in order to do well in the practical examination.
- The Questions and Answers section contains practice examination papers for you to try. There is also a set of students’ answers for each question, with comments from an examiner.
There are a number of ways to use this book. We suggest you start by reading through this Introduction, which will give you some suggestions about how you can improve your knowledge and skills in chemistry and about some good ways of revising. It also gives you pointers into how to do well in the examination. The Content Guidance will be especially useful when you are revising, as will the Questions and Answers.
Content
- Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry
- Atomic structure
- Chemical bonding
- States of matter
- Chemical energetics
- Electrochemistry
- Equilibria
- Reaction kinetics
- Chemical periodicity
- Group chemistry
- The transition elements
- Nitrogen and sulfur
- Introduction to organic chemistry
- Hydrocarbons
- Halogen and hydroxy compounds
- Carbonyl compounds
- Carboxylic acid and their derivatives
- Nitrogen compounds
- Polymerisation
- Applications of chemistry
Download PDF Process Automation Handbook A Guide to Theory and Practice by Jonathan Love
Sinopsis
This text is organised in two parts. The first covers, to a large extent, the less theoretical aspects of process automation. As such, it focuses on the basic technology and practice of the discipline. It is surprising how much material comes into this category.The second part develops a range of techniques, many ofwhichare inherentlymathematical in nature, and focuses on more advanced aspects of control and automation.
The text has been carefully structured into relatively self contained sections and partitioned into chapters in a logical way. Extensive cross referencing enables the connections between the topics to be readily established. Whilst most of the topics are generic and relatively timeless, some will inevitably become dated: these have been isolated into single chapters to simplify updating in future editions. The structure also enables new chapters to be added as the technology evolves.
Content
- Introduction
- Instrumentation
- Final Control Elements
- Conventional Control Strategies
- Process Control Schemes
- Digital Control Systems
- Control Technology
- Management of Automation Projects
- Maths and Control Theory
- Plant and Process Dynamics
- Simulation
- Advanced ProcessAutomation
- Advanced Process Control
Download PDF Process and Plant Safety Applying Computational Fluid Dynamics by Jürgen Schmidt
Sinopsis
Safety engineering is based on reliable and conservative calculations. With Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools, the knowledge of certain physical processes is deepened significantly. However, such programs are currently not standard. In safety engineering more stringent demands for accuracy must be set, for example, as compared to methods for the optimization of plants. The methods must, among other things, be sufficiently validated by experiences or experimental data and fully documented (method transparency). In addition, they must be comprehensible, reproducible, and economical to apply. The necessary demands on precision can usually only be met by model developers, program suppliers, and users of the CFD codes (common sense application).
The developers ofmodelsmust document theirmodels, and the assumptionsunder which the models were derived must be fully understandable. Only if the application range is carefully described can a responsible transfer to other fluids and parameter rages take place at some later time. Unlike simple empirical correlations,CFD models, with theirmany sub-models, often appear complex and not transparent. Thevalidation is usually done only on certain individual data points or by measuring global parameters such as pressures and mass flows. This makes it difficult to assess whether a method is more generally applicable in practice. Margins of error cannot be estimated, or only very roughly. There are relatively for model validations for typical questions in the field of safety engineering. However, even there only models and methods with sufficiently well-known uncertainties should be applied.
It is still not enough if only the model application ranges are transparent. In addition it should be possible to review the CFD program codes. Most codes are not currently open source. Moreover, frequent version changes and changes in the program codes complicate any review. Generally accepted example calculations which can be used for revalidation (safety-relevant test cases) are usually lacking. There are often demands for open-source programs among the safety experts. This certainly facilitates the testing of models. On the other hand, in practice it is then only barely comprehensible what changes were made in a program in any particular case.
CFD calculations are reasonably possible in safety technology only with a good education and disciplined documentation of the results.
Content
- Computational Fluid Dynamics: the future in safety technology!
- Organized by ProcessNet: Tutzing Symposion 2011 CFD – its Future in Safety Technology
- CFD and Holistic Methods for Explosive Safety and Risk Analysis
- Status and Potentials of CFD in Safety Analyses Using the Example of Nuclear Power
- Sizing and Operation of High-Pressure Safety Valves
- Water Hammer Induced by Fast-Acting Valves – Experimental Studies, 1D Modeling, and Demands for Possible Future CFX Calculations
- CFD-Modeling for Optimizing the Function of Low-Pressure Valves
- Consequences of Pool Fires to LNG Ship Cargo tanks
- CFD Simulation of Large Hydrocarbon and Peroxide Pool Fires
- Modeling Fire Scenarios and Smoke Migration in Structures
- The ERCOFTAC Knowledge Base Wiki – An Aid for Validating CFD Models
- CFD at its Limits: Scaling Issues, Uncertain Data, and the User’s Role
- Validation of CFD Models for the Prediction of Gas Dispersion in Urban and Industrial Environments
- CFD Methods in Safety Technology – Useful Tools or Useless Toys?
- Dynamic Modeling of Disturbances in Distillation Columns
- Dynamic Process Simulation for the Evaluation of Upset Conditions in Chemical Plants in the Process Industry
- The Process Safety Toolbox – The Importance of Method Selection for Safety-Relevant Calculations
- CFD for Reconstruction of the Buncefield Incident
- Do We Really Want to Calculate the Wrong Problem as Exactly as Possible? The Relevance of Initial and Boundary Conditions in Treating the Consequences of Accidents
- Can Software Ever be Safe?
- CFD Modeling: Are Experiments Superfluous?
Download PDF WHITE’S HANDBOOK OF CHLORINATION AND ALTERNATIVE DISINFECTANTS FIFTH EDITION by Black & Veatch
Sinopsis
Over the years, the science and practice of disinfection has provided innumerable health benefits, although the general public is unaware of many of them.With the recognition of infectious organisms such as Cryptosporidium in our raw water supplies, along with the detrimental chronic health effects associated with disinfection by - products, it is critical to balance the extent of their inactivation with the concentrations of disinfection by - products. Many water and wastewater utilities are implementing the use of multiple disinfectants in order to optimize the results while minimizing unwanted side effects. The four previous editions of this handbook have proven to be a valuable resource to countless utilities, regulators, engineers, and operators for information on disinfection of potable water, wastewater, industrial water, and swimming pools. George Clifford White ’ s efforts in compiling these editions are invaluable; and much of the information he has gathered is included in this current edition; some of it is retained solely to provide a historical perspective.
Since the publication of the fourth edition, the water industry has gained a substantial amount of experience with chlorine, hypochlorite, and alternative disinfectants through research, development, and regulation. Consequently, this handbook has been extensively revised and updated to refl ect the most current understanding and practices. The reader will fi nd substantial and important information not only on chlorination but also on alternative disinfectants such as ozone, chlorine dioxide, bromine - related products, and ultraviolet light. In addition, the global focus on reuse to address the issue of water scarcity has elevated the use of advanced oxidation practices, and that chapter has therefore been updated to refl ect today’s environment.
Each chapter has been prepared by experts and reviewed by their peers in an effort to impart accurate, complete, and current knowledge on the subject being discussed. Black & Veatch considers it a privilege to present this updated resource on chlorination and alternative disinfectants for the water and waste water industries.
It is our intention that this handbook continue to be the disinfection reference of choice for designers, operator, engineers, students, and regulators.
Content
- Chlorine: History, Manufacture, Properties, Hazards, and Uses
- Chemistry of Aqueous Chlorine
- Determination of Chlorine Residuals in Water and Wastewater Treatment
- Chlorination of Potable Water
- Chlorination of Wastewater
- Disinfection of Wastewater
- Chlorine Contact Basin Design
- Chlorine Feed Systems
- Hypochlorination—Sodium Hypochlorite
- On-Site Sodium Hypochlorite Generation System
- Dechlorination
- Process Controls for Chlorination and Dechlorination
- Operation and Maintenance
- Chlorine Dioxide
- Ozone
- Bromine, Bromine Chloride, BCDMH, and Iodine
- Ultraviolet Light
- Advanced Oxidation Processes
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