Download PDF INVESTING IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Making Money on Green Chip Stocks by JEFF SIEGEL

Sinopsis

Certainly we can look to the solar bull market of 2007 to counter the last sentence of that e - mail. Whether it was the 900 percent gain that First Solar (NASDAQ:FSLR) delivered or the 1,700 percent gain that World Water & Solar Technologies (OTCBB:WWAT) delivered, green chip investors who were properly positioned last year made an absolute fortune.

Still, even with all the money we ’ ve made in the past by investing in renewable energy, the question “ Why would you invest in renewable energy? ” is still quite valid, especially when you consider the fact that there really is a lack of easily accessible and credible information regarding the current state of the overall energy marketplace.

For instance, while the local news has made a habit of reporting on high gas prices every time the summer driving season kicks into high gear, rarely do we hear how these so - called high gas prices are actually quite cheap. The true cost of gasoline is probably closer to about $11.00 a gallon. You may not be paying that price at the pump, but you are paying it. You ’ ll see how in Chapter 1 .

We also hear a lot about how the United States is the “ Saudi Arabia of coal,” boasting a 250 - year supply. However, rarely do we hear how these coal - supply numbers are highly infl ated, or how the United States most likely passed its peak of coal production nearly 10 years ago. You ’ ll read more about this in Chapter 1 , as well.

Content

1. TRANSITIONING TO THE NEW ENERGY ECONOMY
2. THE GLOBAL ENERGY MELTDOWN
3. THE SOLAR SOLUTION
4. GLOBAL WINDS
5. THE HEAT BELOW
6. WHAT MAY WASH UP IN THE TIDE
7. WHAT’S THAT SMELL?
8. THE EFFICIENCY ADVANTAGE
9. THE END OF OIL
10. FOREIGN OIL: THE PATH TO SUICIDE
11. BIOFUELS: MORE THAN JUST CORN
12. PLUGGED-IN PROFITS
13. THE SCIENCE AND PROFITABILITY OF CLIMATE CHANGE
14. GLOBAL WARMING: THE NOT-SO-GREAT DEBATE
15. PROFITING FROM POLLUTION

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Download PDF Lehninger PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY by David L. Nelson And Michael M Cox

Sinopsis

About fifteen billion years ago, the universe arose as a cataclysmic eruption of hot, energy-rich subatomic particles. Within seconds, the simplest elements (hydrogen and helium) were formed. As the universe expanded and cooled, material condensed under the influence of gravity to form stars. Some stars became enormous and then exploded as supernovae, releasing the energy needed to fuse simpler atomic nuclei into the more complex elements. Thus were produced, over billions of years, Earth itself and the chemical elements found on Earth today. About four billion years ago, life arose—simple microorganisms with the ability to extract energy from chemical compounds and, later, from sunlight, which they used to make a vast array of more complex biomolecules from the simple elements and compounds on the Earth’s surface.

Biochemistry asks how the remarkable properties of living organisms arise from the thousands of different biomolecules. When these molecules are isolated and examined individually, they conform to all the physical and chemical laws that describe the behavior of inanimate matter—as do all the processes occurring in living organisms. The study of biochemistry shows how the collections of inanimate molecules that constitute living organisms interact to maintain and perpetuate life animated solely by the physical and chemical laws that govern the nonliving universe.

Content

1. The Foundations of Biochemistry
2. STRUCTURE AND CATALYSIS
3. Water
4. Amino Acids,Peptides, and Proteins
5. The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins
6. Protein Function
7. Enzymes
8. Carbohydrates and Glycobiology
9. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
10. DNA-Based Information Technologies
11. Lipids
12. Biological Membranes and Transport
13. Biosignaling
14. BIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM
15. Bioenergetics and Biochemical Reaction Types
16. Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
17. Principles of Metabolic Regulation
18. The Citric Acid Cycle
19. Fatty Acid Catabolism
20. Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea
21. Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation
22. Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria
23. Lipid Biosynthesis
24. Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules
25. Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Mammalian Metabolism
26. INFORMATION PATHWAYS
27. Genes and Chromosomes
28. DNA Metabolism
29. RNA Metabolism
30. Protein Metabolism
31. Regulation of Gene Expression

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Download PDF Living with Bipolar Disorder Strategies For Balance And Resilience by Lynn Hodges

Sinopsis

Did you know that one in four people in the United Kingdom will experience a mental health problem in their lifetime, and on average 1.3 percent of the population of the UK will at some point develop manic depression, now known as bipolar disorder?

Most people first become unwell with bipolar disorder when they are in their mid-teens and twenties. However, as bipolar is so difficult to diagnose, it is common for many people to go a decade or more without receiving a formal medical diagnosis. Some ten percent of all teenagers with recurring depression will go on to develop bipolar disorder during their lives.

The illness can affect anyone—from the young to the very old, male or female. It is important to know about and understand the condition, so you feel better equipped to deal with the illness. Information is power in dealing with this disease.

Content

1. What is Bipolar Disorder ?
2. Depression: The Black Cloud
3. A Personal Journey into a Psychiatric Ward
4. Family and Friends
5. Positive Images
6. The Recovery Process
7. Disabling Aspects of Bipolar Disorder - Case Studies
8. Enabling Aspects of Bipolar Disorder
9. Networking with Health Professionals
10. Transformation

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Download PDF SMALL ANIMAL INTERNAL MEDICINE FIFTH EDITION Richard W. Nelson

Sinopsis

Several signs can indicate the presence of heart disease even if the animal is not clinically in “heart failure.” Objective signs of heart disease include cardiac murmurs, rhythm disturbances, jugular pulsations, and cardiac enlargement. Other clinical signs that can result from heart disease include syncope, excessively weak or strong arterial pulses, cough or respiratory difficulty, exercise intolerance, abdominal distention, and cyanosis. However, noncardiac diseases can cause these signs as well. Further evaluation using thoracic radiography, electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, and sometimes other tests is usually indicated when signs suggestive of cardiovascular disease are present.

Content

1. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DISORDERS
2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS
3. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS
4. HEPATOBILIARY AND EXOCRINE PANCREATIC DISORDERS
5. URINARY TRACT DISORDERS
6. ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
7. METABOLIC AND ELECTROLYTE DISORDERS
8. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS
9. NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS
10. JOINT DISORDERS
11. ONCOLOGY
12. HEMATOLOGY
13. INFECTIOUS DISEASES
14. IMMUNE-MEDIATED DISORDERS

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Download PDF Robbin And Cotran Pathologic Basic of Disease Eighth Edition by Kumar

Sinopsis

Pathogenesis refers to the sequence of events in the response of cells or tissues to the etiologic agent, from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of the disease. The study of pathogenesis remains one of the main domains of pathology. Even when the initial cause is known (e.g., infection or mutation), it is many steps removed from the expression of the disease. For example, to understand cystic fibrosis is to know not only the defective gene and gene product, but also the biochemical and morphologic events leading to the formation of cysts and fibrosis in the lungs, pancreas, and other organs. Indeed, as we shall see throughout the book, the molecular revolution has already identified mutant genes underlying a great number of diseases, and the entire human genome has been mapped. Nevertheless, the functions of the encoded proteins and how mutations induce disease—the pathogenesis—are still often obscure. Technologic advances are making it increasingly feasible to link specific molecular abnormalities to disease manifestations and to use this knowledge to design new therapeutic approaches. For these reasons, the study of pathogenesis has never been more exciting scientifically or more relevant to medicine.

Content

1. General Pathology
2. Systemic Pathology: Diseases of Organ Systems

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Download PDF MOLECULAR TO GLOBAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS by Mary D. Archer

Sinopsis

The word photosynthesis means ‘building up by light’, and the process is the building up, by plants, algae and certain bacteria under the action of sunlight, of organic compounds (mainly carbohydrates) from two very simple inorganic molecules, water (HzO) and carbon dioxide ((202). Put another way, photosynthesis is the light-driven reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide by water to energy-rich organic compounds. But this reductionist, chemist’s view gives little hint of the central role of photosynthesis in sustaining life on Earth. Photosynthesis is the primary engine of the biosphere, essential to life since it is almost the sole process by which the chemical energy to maintain living organisms is made. It provides all our food, either directly in the form of green plants or indirectly in the form of animals that eat green plants or other animals that have eaten green plants. The only living organisms not sustained directly or indirectly by photosynthesis are the chemoautotrophs, primitive bacteria that harness the energy of inorganic compounds such as H2S to obtain the metabolic energy they need to grow and replicate, and the organisms that feed off them. Humans and other animals are heterotrophs-they ey cannot synthesise their own organic compounds from inorganic sources, but must ingest them as food. Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs-able to harness solar energy to fix C02 (that is, store it in solid form as products of photosynthesis). Modern photosynthetic organisms come in a wide range of shapes and sizes, ranging from the 1-1Opn-1-sized photosynthetic bacteria and small, nonvascular mosses to giant sequoia trees that can reach more than 100 m in height.

Content

1. Photosynthesis and photoconversion
2. Light absorption and harvesting
3. Electron transfer in photosynthesis
4. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation
5. Regulation of photosynthesis in higher plants
6. The role of aquatic photosynthesis in solar energy conversion: a geoevolutionary perspective
7. Useful products from algal photosynthesis
8. Hydrogen production by photosynthetic microorganisms
9. Photoconversion and energy crops
10. The production of biofuels by thermal chemical processing of biomass
11. Photosynthesis and the global carbon cycle
12. Management of terrestrial vegetation to mitigate climate change
13. Biotechnology: its impact and future prospects

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Download PDF BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY by IVANO BERTINI

Sinopsis

Living organisms store and transport transition metals both to provide appropriate concentrations of them for use in metalloproteins or cofactors and to protect themselves against the toxic effects of metal excesses; metalloproteins and metal cofactors are found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. The normal concentration range for each metal in biological systems is narrow, with both deficiencies and excesses causing pathological changes. In multicellular organisms, composed of a variety of specialized cell types, the storage of transition metals and the synthesis of the transporter molecules are not carried out by all types of cells, but rather by specific cells that specialize in these tasks. The form of the metals is always ionic, but the oxidation state can vary, depending on biological needs. Transition metals for which biological storage and transport are significant are, in order of decreasing abundance in living organisms: iron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, cobalt, chromium, vanadium, and nickel. Although zinc is not strictly a transition metal, it shares many bioinorganic properties with transition metals and is considered with them in this chapter. Knowledge of iron  storage and transport is more complete than for any other metal in the group.

Content

1. Transition-Metal Storage, Transport, and Biomineralization 
2. The Reaction Pathways of Zinc Enzymes and Related Biological Catalysts
3. Calcium in Biological Systems
4. Biological and Synthetic Dioxygen Carriers
5. Dioxygen Reactions
6. Electron Transfer 
7. Ferredoxins, Hydrogenases, and Nitrogenases: Metal-Sulfide Proteins
8. Metal/Nucleic-Acid Interactions
9. Metals in Medicine

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Download PDF Handbook Of Toxicology Of Chemical Warfare Agents by Ramesh C. Gupta

Sinopsis

For centuries extremely toxic chemicals have been used in wars, conflicts, terrorists’, extremists’ and dictators’ activities, malicious poisonings, and executions. One of the earliest forms of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) were natural toxins from plants or animals, which were used to coat arrowheads, commonly referred to as ‘‘arrow poisons’’. Ancient use of some CWAs and riot control agents (RCAs) dates back to the 5th century BC, during the Peloponnesian War, when the Spartans used smoke from burning coal, sulfur, and pitch to temporarily incapacitate and confuse occupants of Athenian strongholds. The Spartans also used bombs made of sulfur and pitch to overcome the enemy. The Romans used irritant clouds to drive out adversaries from hidden dwellings. In the 15th century, Leonardo da Vinci proposed the use of a powder

of arsenic sulfide as a chemical weapon. Modern use of CWAs and RCAs or incapacitating agents dates back to World War I (WWI).

With advancements in science and chemistry in the 19th century, the possibility of chemical warfare increased tremendously. The first full-scale use of chemical warfare agents began in April of 1915 when German troops launched a poison gas attack at Ypres, Belgium, using 168 tons of chlorine gas, killing about 5,000 Allied (British, French, and Canadian) soldiers. During WWI, the deployment of CWAs, including toxic gases (chlorine, phosgene, cyanide, and mustard), irritants, and vesicants in massive quantities (about 125,000 tons), resulted in about 90,000 fatalities and 1.3 million non-fatal casualties. The majority of the deaths in WWI were a result of exposure to chlorine and phosgene gases. During the Holocaust, the Nazis used carbon monoxide and the insecticide Zyklon-B, containing hydrogen cyanide, to kill several million people in extermination camps. Poison gases were also used during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943. Again, in November 1978, religious cult leader Jim Jones murdered over 900 men, women and children with cyanide.

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Download PDF Introductory Clinical Pharmacology Seven edition by Sally S. Roach

Sinopsis

Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their action on living organisms. A sound knowledge of basic pharmacologic principles is essential if the nurse is to safely administer medications and to monitor patients who receive these medications. This chapter gives a basic overview of pharmacologic principles that the nurse must understand when administering medications. The chapter also discusses drug development, federal legislation affecting the dispensing and use of drugs, and the use of botanical medicines as they relate to pharmacology.

Drug development is a long and arduous process, taking anywhere from 7 to 12 years, and sometimes even

longer. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the responsibility of approving new drugs and monitoring drugs currently in use for adverse or toxic reactions. The development of a new drug is divided into the pre-FDA phase and the FDA phase (Fig. 1-1). During the pre-FDA phase, a manufacturer

discovers a drug that looks promising. In vitro testing (testing in an artificial environment, such as a test tube) using animal and human cells is done. This testing is followed by studies in live animals. The manufacturer then makes application to the FDA for Investigational New Drug (IND) status.

With IND status, clinical testing of the new drug begins. Clinical testing involves three phases, with each phase involving a larger number of people. All effects, both pharmacologic and biologic, are noted. Phase I lasts 4 to 6 weeks and involves 20 to 100 individuals who are either “normal” volunteers or individuals in the intended treatment population. If Phase I studies are successful, the testing moves to Phase II, and if those results are positive, to Phase III. Each successive phase has a larger subject population. Phase III studies offer additional information on dosing and safety. The three phases last anywhere from 2 to 10 years, with the average being 5 years.

Content

1. FOUNDATIONS OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
2. ANTI-INFECTIVES
3. DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
4. DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
5. DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
6. DRUGS THAT AFFECT  THE HEMATOLOGICAL SYSTEM
7. DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE GASTROINTESTINAL AND URINARY SYSTEMS 
8. DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
9. DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
10. DRUGS THAT AFFECT OTHER BODY SYSTEMS

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Download PDF DIOXINS AND HEALTH SECOND EDITION by Arnold Schecter

Sinopsis

To the general public, dioxin is the archetype of toxic chemicals, a substance that in minute amounts causes cancer and birth defects. Raised to a high level of visibility by the use of Agent Orange in Vietnam, it continues to generate environmental issues that capture public attention: Times Beach, Seveso, Love Canal, herbicide spraying in the United States, waste incineration, and food contamination.

Public fear engendered counter-reactions. Some claimed that dioxin causes no harm to humans other than chloracne, a disfiguring skin disease.1,2 Others compared the public attitude toward dioxin with witch hunts. Dioxin, they said, is a prime example of chemophobia, the irrational fear of chemicals.3,4 U.S. Assistant Surgeon General Vernon Houk claimed that the evacuation of Times Beach, Missouri had been a mistake.5,6 Administrator William Reilly of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) ordered a reassessment of the toxicity of dioxin. He stated: ‘‘I don’t want to prejudge the issue, but we are seeing new information on dioxin that suggests a lower risk assessment for dioxin should be applied.’’6

In our opinion, the public fears are largely justified. The current scientific evidence argues not only that dioxin is a potent carcinogen, but also that the noncancer health and environmental hazards of dioxin may be more serious than believed previously. Indeed, dioxin appears to act like an extremely persistent synthetic hormone, perturbing important physiological signaling systems. Such toxic mimicry leads to a host of biological changes, especially altered cell development, di¤erentiation, and regulation. Perhaps the most

Content

1. Overview: The Dioxin Debate
2. Production, Distribution, and Fate of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p- Dioxins, Dibenzofurans, and Related Organohalogens in the Environment
3. Dioxins and Dioxinlike PCBs in Food
4. Toxicology of Dioxins and Dioxinlike Compounds
5. Health Risk Characterization of Dioxins and Related Compounds
6. Pharmacokinetics of Dioxins and Related Chemicals
7. Dose–Response Modeling for 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
8. Immunotoxicology of Dioxins and Related Chemicals
9. Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity of Dioxins and Related Chemicals
10. E¤ects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls on Neuronal Signaling
11. Experimental Toxicology: Carcinogenesis
12. Ah Receptor: Involvement in Toxic Response
13. Biochemical Responses to Dioxins: Which Genes? Which Endpoints?
14. Evolutionary and Physiological Perspectives on Ah Receptor Function and Dioxin Toxicity
15. Dioxin Toxicity and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling in Fish
16. Exposure Assessment: Measurement of Dioxins and Related Chemicals in Human Tissues
17. Human Health E¤ects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
18. Epidemiological Studies on Cancer and Exposure to Dioxins and Related Compounds
19. Reproductive and Developmental Epidemiology of Dioxins
20. Health Consequences of the Seveso, Italy, Accident
21. The Yusho Rice Oil Poisoning Incident
22. The Yucheng Rice Oil Poisoning Incident

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Download PDF PHYSICAL BIOCHEMISTRY: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS Second Edition by David Sheehan

Sinopsis

This volume describes a range of physical techniques which are now widely used in the study both of biomolecules and of processes in which they are involved. There will be a strong emphasis throughout on biomacromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids as well as on macromolecular complexes of which they are components (e.g. biological membranes, ribosomes, chromosomes). This is because such chemical entities are particularly crucial to the correct functioning of living cells and present specific analytical problems compared to simpler biomolecules such as monosaccharides or dipeptides. Biophysical techniques, give detailed information offering insights into the structure, dynamics and interactions of biomacromolecules. Life scientists in general and biochemists in particular have devoted much effort during the last century to elucidation of the relationship between structure and function and to understanding how biological processes happen and are controlled. Major progress has been made using chemical and biological techniques which, for example, have contributed to the development of the science of molecular biology. However, in the last decade physical techniques which complement these other approaches have seen major development and these now promise even greater insight into the molecules and processes which allow the living cell to survive. For example, a major focus of life science research currently is the proteome as distinct from the genome. This has emphasized the need to be able to study the highly-individual structures of biomacromolecules such as proteins to understand more fully their particular contribution to the biology of the cell. For the foreseeable future, these techniques are likely to impact to a greater or lesser extent on the activities of most life scientists. This text attempts to survey the main physical techniques and to describe how they can contribute to our knowledge of biological systems and processes.We will set the scene for this by first looking at the particular analytical problems posed by biomolecules.

Content

1. Chromatography
2. Spectroscopic Techniques
3. Mass Spectrometry
4. Electrophoresis
5. Three-Dimensional Structure Determination of Macromolecules
6. Hydrodynamic Methods
7. Biocalorimetry
8. Bioinformatics
9. Proteomics

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Download PDF Pharmocology For Dentistry by Surender Singh

Sinopsis

Pharmacology (derived from Greek words, pharmacon-drug; logos-discourse in) consists of detailed study of drugs – its source, physical and chemical properties, compounding, biochemical and physiological effects, pharmacodynamics (its mechanism of action), pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion), therapeutic and other uses of drugs.

According to WHO definition ‘Drug is any substance or product that is used or intended to be used to modify or explore physiological system or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient’.

Pharmacology has some major subdivisions:

Pharmacodynamics is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of the drugs and their mechanism of action.

Pharmacotherapeutics deals with the use of drugs in the prevention and treatment of diseases and it utilizes or depends upon the information of drug obtained by pharmacodynamic studies.

Pharmacokinetics deals with the alterations of the drug by the body which includes absorption, distribution, binding/ storage, biotransformation and excretion of drugs.

Toxicology deals with the side/adverse effects and other poisonous effects of drugs, since the same drug can be a poison, depending on the dose.

Chemotherapy deals with the effects of drugs upon microorganisms and parasites without destroying the host cells. Pharmacology also includes certain allied fields as:

Pharmacy is the science of preparation, compounding and dispensing of drugs. It is concerned with collection, identification, purification, isolation, synthesis and standardization of medicinal /pharmaceutical substances.

Pharmacognosy deals with the study of the sources of drugs derived from plants and animal origin.

Content

1. General Principles of Pharmacology
2. Drugs Acting on CNS
3. Drugs Acting on ANS
4. Drugs Acting on Cardiovascular & Urinary System
5. Autacoids
6. Drugs Acting on Blood
7. Drugs Acting on GIT
8. Drugs Acting on Endocrine System
9. Chemotherapy
10. Vitamins and Trace Elements
11. Dental Pharmacology
12. Miscellaneous

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Download PDF Principles of Biochemical Toxicology Fourth Edition by John A. Timbrell

Sinopsis

Toxicology is the subject concerned with the study of the noxious effects of chemical substances on living systems. It is a multidisciplinary subject, as it embraces areas of pharmacology, biochemistry, chemistry, physiology, and pathology; although it has sometimes been considered as a subdivision of some of these other subjects, it is truly a scientific discipline in itself.

Toxicology may be regarded as the science of poisons; in this context, it has been studied and practiced since antiquity, and a large body of knowledge has been amassed. The ancient Greeks used hemlock and various other poisons, and Dioscorides attempted a classification of poisons. However, the scientific foundations of toxicology were laid by Paracelsus (1493–1541), and this approach was continued by Orfila (1787–1853). Orfila, a Spanish toxicologist working in Paris, wrote a seminal work, Trait des Poisons, in 1814 in which he said toxicology should be founded on pathology and chemical analysis.

Today, highly sensitive and specific analytical methods are used and together with the new methods of molecular biology have a major impact on the development of the science. Interactions between chemicals and living systems occur in particular phases. The first is the exposure phase where the living organism is exposed in some way to the chemical and which may or may not be followed by uptake or absorption of the chemical into the organism. This precedes the next phase in which the chemical is distributed throughout the organism. Both these phases may require transport systems. After delivery of the chemical to various parts of the organism, the next phase is metabolism, where chemical changes may or may not occur, mediated by enzymes. These phases are sometimes termed “toxicokinetics,” whereas the next phase is the toxicodynamic phase in which the chemical and its metabolites interact with constituents of the organism. The metabolic phase may or may not be a prerequisite for the final phase, which is excretion.

This sequence may then be followed by a phase in which pathological or functional changes occur. Ability to detect exposure and early adverse effects is crucial to the assessment of risk as will be apparent later in this book. Furthermore, understanding the role of metabolites rather than the parent chemical and the importance of concentration in toxic effects are essential in this process. Therefore, toxicology has of necessity become very much a multidisciplinary science. There are difficulties in reconciling the often-conflicting demands of public and regulatory authorities to demonstrate safety with pressure from animal rights organizations against the use of animals for this purpose. Nevertheless, development of toxicology as a separate science has been slow, particularly in comparison with subjects such as pharmacology and biochemistry, and toxicology has a

much more limited academic base. This may in part reflect the nature of the subject, which has evolved as a practical art, and also the fact that many practitioners were mainly interested in descriptive studies for screening purposes or to satisfy legislation.

Content

1. Fundamentals of Toxicology and Dose-Response Relationships
2. Factors Affecting Toxic Responses: Disposition
3. Factors Affecting Toxic Responses: Metabolism
4. Factors Affecting Metabolism and Disposition
5. Toxic Responses to Foreign Compounds
6. Biochemical Mechanisms of Toxicity: Specific Examples

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Download PDF ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY: FERMENTATION, BIOCATALYSIS, AND BIOSEPARATION VOLUMES 1 - 5 by Michael C. Flickinger

Sinopsis

Activated carbon is a predominantly amorphous solid that has an extraordinarily large internal surface area and pore volume. These unique characteristics are responsible for its adsorptive properties, which are exploited in many different liquid- and gas-phase applications. Activated carbon is an exceptionally versatile adsorbent because the size and distribution of the pores within the carbon matrix can be controlled to meet the needs of current and emerging markets (1). Engineering requirements of specific applications are satisfied by producing activated carbons in the form of powders, granules, and shaped products. Through choice of precursor, method of activation, and control of processing conditions, the adsorptive properties of products are tailored for applications as diverse as the purification of potable water and the control of emissions from bioproduct recovery processes.

In 1900, two very significant processes in the development and manufacture of activated carbon products were patented (2). The first commercial products were produced in Europe under these patents: Eponite, from wood in 1909, and Norit, from peat in 1911. Activated carbon was first produced in the United States in 1913 by Westvaco Corp. under the name Filtchar, using a by-product of the papermaking process (3). Further milestones in development were reached as a result of World War I. In response to the need for protective gas masks, a hard, granular activated carbon was produced from coconut shell in 1915. Following the war, large-scale commercial use of activated carbon was extended to refining of beet sugar and corn syrup and to purification of municipal water supplies (4). The termination of the supply of coconut char from the Philippines and India during World War II forced the domestic development of granular activated carbon products from coal in 1940 (5). More recent innovations in the manufacture and use of activated carbon products have been driven by the need to recycle resources and to prevent environmental pollution.

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Download PDF Endangered Second EDIITIION Species VOLUME1 Mammals by Sonia Benson and Rob Nagel

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Download PDF Endangered Second EDIITIION Species VOLUME 2 Arachnids, Birds, Crustaceans, Insects, and Mollusks by Sonia Benson and Rob Nagel

Sinopsis

The destruction of habitats all over the world is the primary reason species are becoming extinct or endangered. Houses, highways, dams, industrial buildings, and ever-spreading farms now dominate landscapes formerly occupied by forests, prairies, deserts, scrublands, and wetlands. Since the beginning of European settlement in America, over 65,000,000 acres of wetlands have been drained. One million acres alone vanished between 1985 and 1995.

Habitat destruction can be obvious or it can be subtle, occurring over a long period of time without being noticed. Pollution, such as sewage from cities and chemical runoff from farms, can change the quality and quantity of water in streams and rivers. To species living in a delicately balanced habitat, this disturbance can be as fatal as the clear-cutting of a rain forest.

As remaining habitats are carved into smaller and smaller pockets or islands, remaining species are forced to exist in these crowded areas, which causes further habitat destruction. These species become less adaptable to environmental change; they become more vulnerable to extinction. Scientists believe that when a habitat is cut by 90 percent, onehalf of its plants, animals, insects, and microscopic life-forms will become extinct.

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Download PDF Endangered Second EDIITIION Species VOLUME3 Amphibians, Fish, Plants, and Reptiles by Sonia Benson And Rob Nagel

Sinopsis

Endangered Species, 2nd Edition, presents information on endangered and threatened mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, mollusks, insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and plants. Its 240 entries were chosen to give a glimpse of the broad range of species currently facing endangerment. While well-publicized examples such as the American bison, northern spotted owl, and gray wolf are examined, so, too, are less conspicuous—yet no less threatened—species such as the Australian ant, Cape vulture, freshwater sawfish, and Peebles Navajo cactus.

The entries are spread across three volumes and are divided into sections by classes. Within each class, species are arranged alphabetically by common name. Each entry begins with the species’s common and scientific names. A fact box containing classification information— phylum (or division), class, order, and family—for that species follows. The box also lists the current status of the species in the wild according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (which administers the Endangered Species Act). Finally, the box lists the country or countries where the species currently ranges.

Locator maps outlining the range of a particular species are included in each entry to help users find unfamiliar countries or locations. In most entries, a color photo provides a more concrete visualization of the species. Sidebar boxes containing interesting and related information are also included in some entries.

Content

1. Mammals
2. Arachnids
3. Birds
4. Crustaceans
5. Insects
6. Amphibians
7. Fish
8. Plants
9. Reptiles

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Download PDF The New Penguin Dictionary Of Biology by M. Abercrombie

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Download PDF The Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution by LARRY L. MAI

Sinopsis

Human biology is a diverse and multidisciplinary field that includes or borrows from anthropology, anatomy, auxology, evolutionary biology, genetics, geology, physiology, and zoology. In our studies of human biology we found that medical or general biology dictionaries often did not define many terms used in non-clinical human biology. This was especially true of the core terms used in physical anthropology and primatology.We have attempted to bridge that gap with this work. This compilation is intended to define and elaborate on the more important terms used in human biology and evolution. For readers with little background in these subjects, it identifies and provides definitions of core terms most frequently used in these areas. In addition, we have attempted to define, and occasionally annotate or expand on, subjects of interest to advanced students and professionals, such as fossil specimens, paleontological sites, and primate genera.

Content

1. The Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution
2. Ataxonomy of extinct primates
3. Ataxonomy of recent and extant primates
4. Table of extant primate species
5. Ageological time scale
6. Terrestrial chronology of the Pleistocene ‘ice age’ in the northern hemisphere
7. Marine oxygen isotope chronology
8. Anatomical landmarks, postcranial bones and major muscle groups
9. Event timeline of human biology and evolution
10. Tentative hominid phylogeny
11. The Greek alphabet

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Download PDF ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS by DAVID A. VACCARI

Sinopsis

For an environmental scientist, the answer to the question posed in the title of this section is fairly evident. However, for environmental engineers it is worthwhile to consider this in more detail. For example, environmental engineers need to know a broader range of science than does any other kind of engineer. Physics has always been at the core of engineering, and remains so for environmental engineers concerned with advective transport (flow) in the fluid phases of our world. The involvement of environmental engineers with chemistry has increased. Formerly, it was limited to chemical precipitation and acid–base chemistry in water, and relatively simple kinetics. Now it is necessary also to consider the thermodynamics and kinetics of interphase multimedia transport of organics, the complex chain reaction kinetics of atmospheric pollutants or of ozone in water, and the organic reaction sequences of pollutant degradation in groundwater. In a similar way, the role of biology in environmental engineering has burgeoned.

Traditionally, the biology taught to environmental engineers has emphasized microbiology, because of its links to human health through communicable diseases and due to our ability to exploit microorganisms for treatment of pollutants. Often, there is a simple exposure to ecology. However, the ecology that is taught is sometimes limited to nutrient cycles, which themselves are dominated by microorganisms. As occurred with

chemistry, other subspecialties within biology have now become important to environmental engineering. Broadly speaking, there are three main areas: microbiology, ecology, and toxicology. The roles of microbiology are related to health, to biological pollution control, and to the fate of pollutants in the environment. Ecological effects of human activity center on the extinction of species either locally or globally, or to disturbances in the distribution and role of organisms in an ecosystem. Toxicology concerns the direct effect of chemical and physical pollutants on organisms, especially on humans themselves.

This book aims to help students develop their appreciation for, and awareness of, the science of biology as a whole. Admittedly, applied microbiology is often included in many environmental engineering texts, focusing on disease transmission, biodegradation, and related metabolic aspects. However, little if any material is provided on the broader realm of biology in relation to environmental control. Such an approach notably overlooks a considerable number of important matters, including genetics, biochemistry, ecology, epidemiology, toxicology, and risk assessment. This book places this broad range of topics between two covers, which has not been done previously.

There are other factors that should motivate a study of biology in addition to the practical needs of environmental engineers and scientists. The first is the need to understand the living world around us and, most important, our own bodies, so that we can make choices that are healthy for ourselves and for the environment. Another is that we have much to learn from nature. Engineers sometimes find that their best techniques have been anticipated by nature. Examples include the streamlined design of fish and the countercurrent mass-transfer operation of the kidney. An examination of strategies employed by nature has led to the discovery of new techniques that can be exploited in systems having nothing to do with biology. For instance, the mathematical pattern-recognition method called the artificial neural network was inspired by an understanding of brain function. New process control methods are being developed by reverse-engineering biological systems. Furthermore, there may be much that engineers can bring to the study of biological systems. For example, the polymerase chain reaction technique that has so revolutionized genetic engineering was developed by a biologist who was starting to learn about computer programming. He borrowed the concept of iteration to produce two DNA molecules repeatedly from one molecule. Twenty iterations quickly turn one molecule into a million. Engineers can also bring their strengths to the study of biology. Biology once emphasized a qualitative approach called descriptive biology. Today it is very much a quantitative science, using mathematical methods everywhere, from genetics to ecology. Finally, it is hoped that for engineers the study of biology will be a source of fascination, opening a new perspective on the world that will complement other knowledge gained in an engineering education.

Content

1. Perspectives on Biology
2. Biology as a Whole
3. The Substances of Life
4. The Cell: The Common Denominator of Living Things
5. Energy and Metabolism
6. Genetics
7. The Plants
8. The Animals
9. The Human Animal
10. Microbial Groups
11. Quantifying Microorganisms and Their Activity
12. Effect of Microbes on Human Health
13. Microbial Transformations
14. Ecology: The Global View of Life
15. Ecosystems and Applications
16. Biological Applications for Environmental Control
17. The Science of Poisons
18. Fate and Transport of Toxins
19. Dose–Response Relationships
20. Field and Laboratory Toxicology
21. Toxicity of Specific Substances
22. Applications of Toxicology

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