Sinopsis
About fifteen billion years ago, the universe arose as a cataclysmic eruption of hot, energy-rich subatomic particles. Within seconds, the simplest elements (hydrogen and helium) were formed. As the universe expanded and cooled, material condensed under the influence of gravity to form stars. Some stars became enormous and then exploded as supernovae, releasing the energy needed to fuse simpler atomic nuclei into the more complex elements. Thus were produced, over billions of years, Earth itself and the chemical elements found on Earth today. About four billion years ago, life arose—simple microorganisms with the ability to extract energy from chemical compounds and, later, from sunlight, which they used to make a vast array of more complex biomolecules from the simple elements and compounds on the Earth’s surface.
Biochemistry asks how the remarkable properties of living organisms arise from the thousands of different biomolecules. When these molecules are isolated and examined individually, they conform to all the physical and chemical laws that describe the behavior of inanimate matter—as do all the processes occurring in living organisms. The study of biochemistry shows how the collections of inanimate molecules that constitute living organisms interact to maintain and perpetuate life animated solely by the physical and chemical laws that govern the nonliving universe.
Content
- The Foundations of Biochemistry
- STRUCTURE AND CATALYSIS
- Water
- Amino Acids,Peptides, and Proteins
- The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins
- Protein Function
- Enzymes
- Carbohydrates and Glycobiology
- Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
- DNA-Based Information Technologies
- Lipids
- Biological Membranes and Transport
- Biosignaling
- BIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM
- Bioenergetics and Biochemical Reaction Types
- Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- Principles of Metabolic Regulation
- The Citric Acid Cycle
- Fatty Acid Catabolism
- Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea
- Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation
- Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria
- Lipid Biosynthesis
- Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules
- Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Mammalian Metabolism
- INFORMATION PATHWAYS
- Genes and Chromosomes
- DNA Metabolism
- RNA Metabolism
- Protein Metabolism
- Regulation of Gene Expression
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