Download PDF Clinical Anatomy Arevision and applied anatomy for clinical students ELEVENTH EDITION by HAROLD ELLIS
Sinopsis
Experience of teaching clinical students at five medical schools and of examining them in sixteen cities and in eight countries has convinced me that there is still an unfortunate hiatus between the anatomy which the student learns in the pre-clinical years and that which is later encountered in the wards and operating theatres.
This book attempts to counter this situation. It does so by highlighting those features of anatomy which are of clinical importance using a vertical blue bar, in radiology, pathology, medicine and midwifery as well as in surgery. It presents the facts which students might reasonably be expected to carry with them during their years on the wards, through their final examinations and into their postgraduate years; it is designed for the clinical student.
Anatomy is a vast subject and, therefore, in order to achieve this goal, I have deliberately carried out a rigorous selection of material so as to cover only those of its thousands of facts which I consider form the necessary anatomical scaffolding for the clinician. Wherever possible practical applications are indicated throughout the text—they cannot, within the limitations of a book of this size, be exhaustive, but I hope that they will act as signposts to the student and indicate how many clinical phenomena can be understood and remembered on simple anatomical grounds.
In this eleventh edition a complete revision of the text has been carried out. New figures have been added and other illustrations modified. Representative computerized axial tomography and magnetic resonance imaging films have been included, since these techniques have given increased impetus to the clinical importance of topographical anatomy.
Content
- The Thorax
- Surface anatomy and surface markings
- The thoracic cage
- The lower respiratory tract
- The mediastinum
- On the examination of a chest radiograp
- The Abdomen and Pelvis
- Peritoneal cavity
- The gastrointestinal tract
- The gastrointestinal adnexae: liver, gall-bladder and its ducts, pancreas and spleen
- The urinary tract
- The male genital organs
- The bony and ligamentous pelvis
- The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum
- The female genital organs
- The posterior abdominal wall,
- The Upper Limb
- The female breast
- The bones and joints of the upper limb
- The arteries of the upper limb
- The brachial plexus
- The course and distribution of the principal nerves of the upper limb
- The anatomy of upper limb deformities
- The spaces of the hand
- The Lower Limb
- The anatomy and surface markings of the lower limb
- The bones and joints of the lower limb
- Three important zones of the lower limb—the femoral triangle, adductor canal and popliteal fossa
- The arteries of the lower limb
- The veins of the lower limb
- The course and distribution of the principal nerves of the lower limb
- The Head and Neck
- The surface anatomy of the neck
- The thyroid gland
- The palate
- The tongue and floor of the mouth
- The pharynx
- The larynx
- The salivary glands
- The major arteries of the head and neck
- The veins of the head and neck
- The lymph nodes of the neck
- The accessory nasal sinuses
- The mandible
- The vertebral column
- The Central Nervous System
- The spinal cord
- The brain
- The cranial nerves
- The special senses
- The autonomic nervous system
Download PDF Clinical Anatomy Applied Anatomy for Students and Junior Doctors by HAROLD ELLIS
Sinopsis
The clinical anatomy of the thorax is in daily use in clinical practice. The routine examination of the patient’s chest is nothing more than an exercise in relating the deep structures of the thorax to the chest wall. Moreover, so many common procedures – chest aspiration, insertion of a chest drain or of a subclavian line, placement of a cardiac pacemaker, for example – have their basis, and their safe performance, in sound anatomical knowledge.
Since the 1st and 12th ribs are difficult to feel, the ribs should be enumerated from the 2nd costal cartilage, which articulates with the sternum at the angle of Louis.
The spinous processes of all the thoracic vertebrae can be palpated in the midline posteriorly, but it should be remembered that the first spinous process that can be felt is that of C7 (the vertebra prominens).
The position of the nipple varies considerably in the female, but in the male it usually overlies the 4th intercostal space approximately 4 in (10 cm) from the midline. The apex beat, which marks the lowest and outermost point at which the cardiac impulse can be palpated, is normally in the 5th intercostal space 3.5 in (9 cm) from the midline and within the midclavicular line. (This corresponds to just below and medial to the nipple in the male, but it is always better to use bony rather than soft-tissue points of reference.)
Content
- The Thorax
- The Abdomen and Pelvis
- The Upper Limb
- The Lower Limb
- The Head and Neck
Download PDF MUSCULOSKELETAL ASSESSMENT Joint Motion and Muscle Testing Third Edition by Hazel M. Clarkson
Sinopsis
A fundamental requisite to the study of evaluation ofjoint range of motion (ROM) and muscle strength is the knowledge of evaluation principles and methodology. This chapter discusses the factors pertinent to the evaluation of ROM and strength. A fi rm foundation in the principles, methods, and associated terminology presented in this chapter is necessary knowledge for the specific techniques presented in subsequent chapters.
Visual observation is an integral part of assessment of joint ROM and muscle strength. The body part being assessed should be adequately exposed for visual inspection. Throughout the initial assessment of the patient, the therapist gathers visual information that contributes to formulating an appropriate assessment plan and 1 Chapter determining the patient’s problems. Information gainedmfrom visual observation includes such factors as facial expression, symmetrical or compensatory motion in functional activities, body posture, muscle contours, body proportions, and color, condition, and creases of the skin.
Content
- Principles and Methods
- Relating Assessment to Treatment
- Shoulder Complex
- Elbow and Forearm
- Wrist and Hand
- Hip
- Knee
- Ankle and Foot
- Head, Neck, and Trunk
Download PDF Parsons' Diseases Of The Eye 21st Edition
Sinopsis
The central nervous system is developed from the neural groove which invaginates to form the neural tube running longitudinally down the dorsal surface of the embryo. At either side from the lateral aspect of the anterior portion of this structure, which is the precursor of the forebrain, a thickening appears at an early stage,(the optic plate) which then grows outwards as a diverticulum towards the surface to form the primary optic vesicle (Tig. 1.1 A and B). From this pair of diverticula from the sides of the forebrain and the mesodermal and ectodermal structures in contact with it, the two eyes develop.
After it meets the surface ectoderm, the primary optic vesicle invaginates from below (the optic cup), the line of invagination remaining open for some time as the embryonic fissure (Fig. 1.1C). The inner layer of the cup forms the main structure of the retina, the nerve fibres from which eventually grow backwards towards the brain. Its outer layer remains as a single layer of pigment epithelium; between the two lies a narrow space representing the original optic vesicle; and from its anterior border develop parts of the ciliary body and iris (Fig. 1.1E). At the point where the neural ectoderm meets the surface ectoderm, the latter thickens to form the lens Dials, invaginates to form the lens vesicle (Fig. 1.1C) and then separates to form the lens (Fig 1.1D) The hyaloid artery enters the optic cup through the embryonic fissure and grows forwards to meet the lens, bringing temporary nourishment to the developing structures before it eventually atrophies and disappears; as it does so, its place is taken by a clear jelly (the vitreous) largely secreted by the surrounding neural ectoderm.
Content
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Ophthalmic Optics and Refraction
- Ocular Examination Techniques and Ocular Therapeutics
- Diseases of the Eye
- Disorders of Motility
- Diseases of the Adnexa
- Systemic Ophthalmology
- Preventive Ophthalmology
- Surgical Instruments in Ophthalmology
Download BRS Gross Anatomy Seventh Edition by Kyung Won Chung
Sinopsis
Studies of gross anatomy can be approached in several different ways including systemic, regional, or clinical anatomy. Systemic anatomy is an approach to anatomic study organized by organ systems, such as the respiratory, digestive, or reproductive systems, which relates structure to function. Regional anatomy is an approach to anatomic study based on regions and deals with structural relationships among the parts of the body, such as the thorax and abdomen, emphasizing the relationships among various systemic structures such as muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. Anatomy is best learned by emphasizing its connection to clinical medicine, and thus clinical anatomy emphasizes the practical application of anatomical knowledge to the solution of clinical problems and has real pertinence to the practice of medicine. In this introductory chapter, the systemic approach to the study of anatomy is used. In subsequent chapters, the clinical and regional approaches to the study of anatomy are used because many injuries and diseases involve specifi c body regions, and dissections and surgical procedures are performed region by region. In addition, clinical correlations are presented throughout the text.
Content
- INTRODUCTION
- UPPER LIMB
- LOWER LIMB
- THORAX
- ABDOMEN
- PERINEUM AND PELVIS
- BACK
- HEAD AND NECK
Download PDF Clinical Anatomy Arevision and applied anatomy for clinical students by HAROLD ELLIS
Sinopsis
Experience of teaching clinical students at five medical schools and of examining them in sixteen cities and in eight countries has convinced me that there is still an unfortunate hiatus between the anatomy which the student learns in the pre-clinical years and that which is later encountered in the wards and operating theatres.
This book attempts to counter this situation. It does so by highlighting those features of anatomy which are of clinical importance using a vertical blue bar, in radiology, pathology, medicine and midwifery as well as in surgery. It presents the facts which students might reasonably be expected to carry with them during their years on the wards, through their final examinations and into their postgraduate years; it is designed for the clinical student.
Anatomy is a vast subject and, therefore, in order to achieve this goal, I have deliberately carried out a rigorous selection of material so as to cover only those of its thousands of facts which I consider form the necessary anatomical scaffolding for the clinician. Wherever possible practical applications are indicated throughout the text—they cannot, within the limitations of a book of this size, be exhaustive, but I hope that they will act as signposts to the student and indicate how many clinical phenomena can be understood and remembered on simple anatomical grounds.
In this eleventh edition a complete revision of the text has been carried out. New figures have been added and other illustrations modified. Representative computerized axial tomography and magnetic resonance imaging films have been included, since these techniques have given increased impetus to the clinical importance of topographical anatomy. The continued success of this volume, now in its forty-seventh year of
publication, owes much to the helpful comments which the author has received from readers all over the world. Every suggestion is given the most careful consideration in an attempt to keep the material abreast of the needs of today’s medical students.
Content
- The thoracic cage
- The lower respiratory tract
- The mediastinum
- On the examination of a chest radiograph
- Surface anatomy and surface markings
- The fasciae and muscles of the abdominal wall
- Peritoneal cavity
- The gastrointestinal tract
- The gastrointestinal adnexae: liver, gall-bladder and its ducts, pancreas and spleen
- The urinary tract
- The male genital organs
- The bony and ligamentous pelvis
- The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum
- The female genital organs
- The posterior abdominal wall
- The female breast
- Surface anatomy and surface markings of the upper limb
- The bones and joints of the upper limb
- The arteries of the upper limb
- The brachial plexus
- The course and distribution of the principal nerves of the upper limb
- The anatomy of upper limb deformities
- The spaces of the hand
- The anatomy and surface markings of the lower limb
- The bones and joints of the lower limb
- Three important zones of the lower limb—the femoral triangle, adductor canal and popliteal fossa
- The arteries of the lower limb
- The veins of the lower limb
- The course and distribution of the principal nerves of the lower limb
- The surface anatomy of the neck
- The thyroid gland
- The palate
- The tongue and floor of the mouth
- The pharynx
- The larynx,
- The salivary glands
- The major arteries of the head and neck
- The veins of the head and neck
- The lymph nodes of the neck
- The cervical sympathetic trunk
- The branchial system and its derivatives
- The surface anatomy and surface markings of the head
- The scalp
- The skull
- The accessory nasal sinuses
- The mandible
- The vertebral column
- The spinal cord
- The brain
- The cranial nerves
- The special senses
- The autonomic nervous system
Download PDF Diseases Of Ear, Nose & Throat by P. L. Dhingra
Sinopsis
The entire pinna, except its lobule, and the outer part of external acoustic canal are made up of a framework of a single piece of yellow elastic cartilage covered with skin. The latter is closely adherent to the perichondrium on its lateral surface while it is slightly loose on the medial surface. The various elevations and depressions seen on the lateral surface of pinna are shown in Fig. 1.1B.
There is no cartilage between the tragus and crus of the helix, and this area is called the incisura terminalis (Fig. 1.1C). An incision made in this area will not cut through the cartilage and is used for endaural approach in surgery of the external auditory canal or the mastoid (see page 410). Pinna is also the source of several graft materials for the surgeon. Cartilage from the tragus, perichondrium from the tragus or concha, and fat from the lobule are frequently used for reconstructive surgery of the middle ear. The conchal cartilage has also been used to correct the depressed nasal bridge while the composite grafts of the skin and cartilage from the pinna are sometimes used for repair of defects of nasal ala.
Download PDF Anatomy at a Glance by OMAR FAIZ
Sinopsis
The study of anatomy has changed enormously in the last few decades. No longer do medical students have to spend long hours in the dissecting room searching fruitlessly for the otic ganglion or tracing the small arteries that form the anastomosis round the elbow joint. They now need to know only the basic essentials of anatomy with particular emphasis on their clinical relevance and this is a change that is long overdue. However, students still have examinations to pass and in this book the authors, a surgeon and an anatomist, have tried to provide a means of rapid revision without any frills. To this end, the book follows the standard format of the at a Glance series and is arranged in short, easily digested chapters, written largely in note form, with the appropriate illustrations on the facing page. Where necessary, clinical applications are included in italics and there are a number of clinical illustrations. We thus hope that this book will be helpful in revising and consolidating the knowledge that has been gained from the dissecting room and from more detailed and explanatory textbooks.
The anatomical drawings are the work of Jane Fallows, with help from Roger Hulley, who has transformed our rough sketches into the finished pages of illustrations that form such an important part of the book and we should like to thank her for her patience and skill in carrying out this onerous task. Some of the drawings have been borrowed or adapted from Professor Harold Ellis’s superb book Clinical Anatomy (9th edn) and we are most grateful to him for his permission to do this. We should also like to thank Dr Mike Benjamin of Cardiff University for the surface anatomy photographs. Finally, it is a pleasure to thank all the staff at Blackwell Science who have had a hand in the preparation of this book, particularly Fiona Goodgame and Jonathan Rowley.
Content
- The thorax
- The abdomen and pelvis
- The upper limb
- The lower limb
- The autonomic nervous system
- The head and neck
- The spine and spinal cord
Download PDF Color Atlas and Textbook of Human Anatomy Nervous Systemand Sensory Organs in 3 vol. by Werner Kahle
Sinopsis
The nervous system serves information processing. In the most primitive forms of organization (A), this function is assumed by the sensory cells (A–C1) themselves. These cells are excited by stimuli coming from the environment; the excitation is conducted to a muscle cell (A–C2) through a cellular projection, or process. The simplest response to environmental stimuli is achieved in this way. (In humans, sensory cells that still have processes of their own are only found in the olfactory epithelium.) In more differentiated organisms (B), an additional cell is interposed between the sensory cell and the muscle cell – the nerve cell, or neuron (BC3) which takes on the transmission of messages. This cell can transmit the excitation to several muscle cells or to additional nerve cells, thus forming a neural network (C). A diffuse network of this type also runs through the human body and innervates all intestinal organs, blood vessels, and glands. It is called the autonomic (visceral, or vegetative) nervous system (ANS), and consists of two components which often have opposing functions: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The interaction of these two systems keeps the interior organization of the organism constant.
Content
- Introduction
- Basic Elements of the
- Nervous System
- Spinal Cord and Spinal
- Nerves
- Brain Stem and Cranial
- Nerves
- Cerebellum
- Diencephalon
- Telencephalon
- Cerebrovascular and
- Ventricular Systems
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Functional Systems
- The Eye
- The Ear
Download PDF Coloring Atlas of the Human Body Kerry L. Hull
Content
- Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology
- The Skin
- The Skeletal System
- The Muscular System
- The Nervous System
- The Sensory System
- The Endocrine System: Glands and Hormones
- The Cardiovascular
- The Lymphatic System and Immunity System
- The Respiratory System
- The Digestive System
- The Urinary System and Water Balance
- Reproduction and Heredity
Download PDF GRAY’S Anatomy Review First Edition by Marios Loukas
Content
Chapter 1: BACK
Chapter 2: THORAX
Chapter 3: ABDOMEN
Chapter 4: PELVIS AND PERINEUM
Chapter 5: LOWER LIMB
Chapter 6: UPPER LIMB
Chapter 7: HEAD AND NECK
Download PDF Neuroanatomy An Ilustrated Colour Text by A R Crossman and D. Neary
Sinopsis
This book has been written primarily for undergraduate medical students. At the same time, we have borne in mind students following other health science courses where a basic understanding of the nervous system and its major disorders is required, and also students of basic neuroscience, who are invariably intrigued and edified by discussion of the disorders which afflict the human nervous system.
The book has been prepared during a period of widespread debate on, and evolution in, the substance and style of medical education. There are several driving forces for change, one being the recognition that unreasonable and unnecessary demands are often being made of students in the sheer volume of information which they are required to assimilate. This has prompted students, educators and health professionals alike to question, across the whole curriculum, the depth of knowledge which is required by the newly-qualified doctor and the means by which it should be achieved. The General Medical Council has recommended the development of a system-based core curriculum and has emphasised the crucial importance of integration between basic science and clinical medicine. These proposals have been welcomed and amplified, with respect to the teaching of neurology, by the Association of British Neurologists.
No area of medical science lends itself better than neuroscience to such a system-based, integrated approach and this has been the principal philosophy guiding the preparation of this book. Neuroscience, with all its sub-specialities both basic and clinical, is an enormous field where the growth of knowledge through research is exponential. T his creates a great challenge to the medical educator in selecting what should comprise the core curriculum. It also signifies the potential for future advances in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of neurological disease, recognised by the designation of the 1990s as the ‘Decade of the Brain’.
Neuroanatomy is the cornerstone upon which is built an understanding of the nervous system and its disorders. The aim of this book, therefore, is to provide a clear and concise account of the anatomy of the human nervous system in sufficient detail to understand its main functions and the common disorders by which it is affected. An important feature of the book is the integration of neuroanatomy with illustrative clinical material. T his has been done in order to show how a knowledge of neuroanatomy can help in the understanding of clinical symptoms and also to emphasise those areas of neuroanatomy which are particularly relevant to human neurological disease. We have introduced clinical concepts in the most elementary way to give a broad outline of the aetiology of nervous disease and the link with clinical diagnostic methods. Clinical material has been integrated as closely as possible with the relevant neuroanatomy. Furthermore, the clinical text has been boxed so that it is readily identifiable and can be easily selected to review or pass over. Each chapter also contains boxed summaries. T he purpose of these is to assist the reader in identifying key points and as an aid to revision.
Both neuroanatomy and clinical medicine are new to the student first entering medical school. By studying the introductory chapter and the summaries of later, more detailed, chapters the student will gain an overview of the scope and extent of the subject of neuroanatomy and will be introduced to the basic concepts underlying the clinical diagnosis of neurological disease. For those unfamiliar with clinical terminology a glossary has been provided to explain the meaning of commonly used expressions. As more detailed knowledge of neuroanatomy is gained, this will be enhanced and illuminated by reference to the selected clinical material which exemplifies the relevance of neuroanatomy to clinical neurology. Later, when students enter neurological training, they need to refresh in their minds the basic principles of neuroanatomy and link these to clinical diagnostic methods. At this time, the systematic study of patients with individual neurological diseases can be greatly enhanced by returning to the detailed anatomy of diseased structures.
Content
- Introduction and overview
- Cells of the nervous system
- Peripheral nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
- Coverings of the central nervous system
- Ventricular system and cerebrospinal fluid
- Blood supply of the central nervous system
- Spinal cord
- Brain stem
- Cranial nerves and cranial nerve nuclei
- Cerebellum
- Thalamus
- Cerebral hemisphere and cerebral cortex
- Corpus striatum
- Visual system
- Hypothalamus, limbic system and olfactory system
- Problem-solving
