Download PDF Introductory Clinical Pharmacology Seven edition by Sally S. Roach

Sinopsis

Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their action on living organisms. A sound knowledge of basic pharmacologic principles is essential if the nurse is to safely administer medications and to monitor patients who receive these medications. This chapter gives a basic overview of pharmacologic principles that the nurse must understand when administering medications. The chapter also discusses drug development, federal legislation affecting the dispensing and use of drugs, and the use of botanical medicines as they relate to pharmacology.

Drug development is a long and arduous process, taking anywhere from 7 to 12 years, and sometimes even

longer. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the responsibility of approving new drugs and monitoring drugs currently in use for adverse or toxic reactions. The development of a new drug is divided into the pre-FDA phase and the FDA phase (Fig. 1-1). During the pre-FDA phase, a manufacturer

discovers a drug that looks promising. In vitro testing (testing in an artificial environment, such as a test tube) using animal and human cells is done. This testing is followed by studies in live animals. The manufacturer then makes application to the FDA for Investigational New Drug (IND) status.

With IND status, clinical testing of the new drug begins. Clinical testing involves three phases, with each phase involving a larger number of people. All effects, both pharmacologic and biologic, are noted. Phase I lasts 4 to 6 weeks and involves 20 to 100 individuals who are either “normal” volunteers or individuals in the intended treatment population. If Phase I studies are successful, the testing moves to Phase II, and if those results are positive, to Phase III. Each successive phase has a larger subject population. Phase III studies offer additional information on dosing and safety. The three phases last anywhere from 2 to 10 years, with the average being 5 years.

Content

1. FOUNDATIONS OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
2. ANTI-INFECTIVES
3. DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
4. DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
5. DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
6. DRUGS THAT AFFECT  THE HEMATOLOGICAL SYSTEM
7. DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE GASTROINTESTINAL AND URINARY SYSTEMS 
8. DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
9. DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
10. DRUGS THAT AFFECT OTHER BODY SYSTEMS

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Download PDF Clinical Anatomy Arevision and applied anatomy for clinical students ELEVENTH EDITION by HAROLD ELLIS

Sinopsis

Experience of teaching clinical students at five medical schools and of examining them in sixteen cities and in eight countries has convinced me that there is still an unfortunate hiatus between the anatomy which the student learns in the pre-clinical years and that which is later encountered in the wards and operating theatres.

This book attempts to counter this situation. It does so by highlighting those features of anatomy which are of clinical importance using a vertical blue bar, in radiology, pathology, medicine and midwifery as well as in surgery. It presents the facts which students might reasonably be expected to carry with them during their years on the wards, through their final examinations and into their postgraduate years; it is designed for the clinical student.

Anatomy is a vast subject and, therefore, in order to achieve this goal, I have deliberately carried out a rigorous selection of material so as to cover only those of its thousands of facts which I consider form the necessary anatomical scaffolding for the clinician. Wherever possible practical applications are indicated throughout the text—they cannot, within the limitations of a book of this size, be exhaustive, but I hope that they will act as signposts to the student and indicate how many clinical phenomena can be understood and remembered on simple anatomical grounds.

In this eleventh edition a complete revision of the text has been carried out. New figures have been added and other illustrations modified. Representative computerized axial tomography and magnetic resonance imaging films have been included, since these techniques have given increased impetus to the clinical importance of topographical anatomy.

Content

1. The Thorax
2. Surface anatomy and surface markings
3. The thoracic cage
4. The lower respiratory tract
5. The mediastinum
6. On the examination of a chest radiograp
7. The Abdomen and Pelvis
8. Peritoneal cavity
9. The gastrointestinal tract
10. The gastrointestinal adnexae: liver, gall-bladder and its ducts, pancreas and spleen
11. The urinary tract
12. The male genital organs
13. The bony and ligamentous pelvis
14. The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum
15. The female genital organs
16. The posterior abdominal wall,
17. The Upper Limb
18. The female breast
19. The bones and joints of the upper limb
20. The arteries of the upper limb
21. The brachial plexus
22. The course and distribution of the principal nerves of the upper limb
23. The anatomy of upper limb deformities
24. The spaces of the hand
25. The Lower Limb
26. The anatomy and surface markings of the lower limb
27. The bones and joints of the lower limb
28. Three important zones of the lower limb—the femoral triangle, adductor canal and popliteal fossa
29. The arteries of the lower limb
30. The veins of the lower limb
31. The course and distribution of the principal nerves of the lower limb
32. The Head and Neck
33. The surface anatomy of the neck
34. The thyroid gland
35. The palate
36. The tongue and floor of the mouth
37. The pharynx
38. The larynx
39. The salivary glands
40. The major arteries of the head and neck
41. The veins of the head and neck
42. The lymph nodes of the neck
43. The accessory nasal sinuses
44. The mandible
45. The vertebral column
46. The Central Nervous System
47. The spinal cord
48. The brain
49. The cranial nerves
50. The special senses
51. The autonomic nervous system

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Download PDF BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER A Clinical Guide SECOND EDITION by John G. Gunderson

Sinopsis

THE BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER (BPD) diagnosis entered the American Psychiatric Association’s DSM-III in 1980 (American Psychiatric Association 1980) and 12 years later, in 1992, was adapted for the World Health Organization’s ICD-10 (World Health Organization 1992). The growth in the recognition and use of this diagnosis during the period from 1975 to 1990 has been remarkable. It is easily the most widely and commonly used diagnosis for personality disorders in modern clinical practice (Loranger 1990; Loranger et a1. 1997). Individuals with BPD constitute about 2%–3% of the general population (Swartz et al. 1990; Zimmerman and Coryell 1989), about 25% of all inpatients, and about 15% of all outpatients (Koenigsberg et al. 1985; Widiger and Weissman 1991).

The origins of the borderline diagnosis, illustrated in Figure 1–1, are usually traced to the clinical observations of Adolph Stern (1938), a psychoanalyst in office practice, who recognized that a subgroup of his patients disregarded the usual boundaries of psychotherapy and did not fit into the existing classification system, a system concerned primarily with dividing psychoses from neuroses. A scholarly review of the work preceding Stern’s can be found in Mack (1975). The patient group became somewhat more widely recognized in the early 1950s as a result of several influential papers by Robert Knight (1953, 1954). He expanded the descriptor borderline from relating to only the border with neurosis to being equally relevant to the border with psychosis. Like Stern, he began by decrying the “wastebasket” diagnostic status for such patients. However, he added that failure to identify the unique needs of these patients was responsible for the troubling disagreements between staff members on inpatient units; he further stated that this failure led clinicians to ignore providing the structure such Use of the term borderline for atypical, clinically troubling cases staggered along in the periphery of psychiatric thinking without notable progress until developments in the late 1960s. At this point, the confluence of three independent investigations forced the questions about a borderline consciousness.

The first of these investigations came from Otto Kernberg (1967). Even as a relatively young man, Kernberg authoritatively added to the psychoanalytic perspective of the borderline construct. He defined borderline personality organization as one of three forms of personality organization, to be differentiated from sicker patients, who had psychotic personality organization, and healthier patients, who had neurotic personality organization (Figure 1–2). Borderline personality organization was characterized by failed or weak identity formation, primitive defenses (namely, splitting and projective identification), and reality testing that transiently lapsed under stress. Kernberg’s scheme was a conceptual advance within the psychoanalytic community by virtue of integrating object relations with ego psychology and the instincts and by virtue of giving a rationale and organization to a basic classification system. However, the effect of his scheme within the larger mental health community derived more from the optimistic therapeutic mandates that he gained from his way of understanding these patients than from the concept itself (see Kernberg 1968, 1975).

Content

1. The Borderline Diagnosis
2. Differential Diagnosis: Overlaps, Subtleties, and Treatment Implications
3. Overview of Treatment
4. Case Management: The Primary Clinician
5. Levels of Care: Indications, Structure, Staffing
6. Pharmacotherapy: Clinical Practices
7. Pharmacotherapy: Selection of Medications
8. Family Interventions and Therapies
9. Group Therapy
10. Individual Psychotherapies: Getting Started
11. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies: Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Cognitive Therapies
12. Psychodynamic Psychotherapies
13. Future Considerations

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Download PDF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH, CLINICAL PRACTICE, AND APPLICATIONS SECOND EDITION by MATTHEW T. HUSS

Sinopsis

Many people equate forensic psychology with forensic science or law enforcement. They believe that forensic psychologists arrive at a crime scene, survey the area, and The eventually identify a number of psychological clues that will help catch the criminal. You see these situations continually portrayed by television shows, in the news media, and in movies. Research suggests these media images may be leading to a number of incorrect perceptions about forensic science in general (Patry, Stinson, & Smith, 2008). In fact, as these aspects of forensic science are more routinely used in court, they are coming under increasing criticism for their poor reliability and validity (National Research Council, 2009). However, psychologists are not typically called upon to collect DNA specimens, analyze a sample of dirt left behind for the geographic location from which it originated, or even conduct so-called psychological profi les. Forensic psychologists are not biologists or chemists and are rarely crime scene investigators or law enforcement offi cers. It may sound odd, but they are just psychologists. They study human behavior and try to apply those principles to assist the legal system. When an old friend of mine comes into town, I often go over to her parents ’ house

for a barbeque. One time her father asked me, knowing that I was a forensic psychologist, “How in the heck do you do therapy with dead people?” Now, while he was at least thinking about forensic psychologists in terms of tasks that psychologists typically perform (i.e., treatment of mental illness), he did not quite have it right when thinking about my work as a forensic psychologist. I don ’t often channel the dead but it really would make my job easier if I had to predict the likelihood of future violence for someone who died. A number of students come to me interested in using their psychology or criminal justice major and the knowledge of human behavior they have acquired to “catch the bad guys.” I usually explain to these students that rarely are forensic psychologists called upon to apprehend suspects; in fact, a study found that only about 10% of forensic psychologists and psychiatrists have ever engaged in criminal profi ling and only about 17% even believed it was a scientifi cally reliable practice (Torres, Boccaccini, & Miller, 2006). Most students who are interested in catching criminals should look into law enforcement rather than forensic psychology. However, if you are still interested in forensic psychology as a possible career, you should know that you do get to spend a considerable amount of time playing detective, but more on that later.

Content

1. What Is Forensic Psychology? An Introduction
2. Assessment, Treatment, and Consultation in Forensic Psychology
3. Expert Testimony and the Role of an Expert
4. Psychopathy
5. Violence Risk Assessment
6. Sexual Off enders
7. Civil Commitment
8. Criminal and Civil Competence
9. Insanity, Criminal Responsibility, and Diminished Capacity
10. Domestic Violence and Stalking
11. Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice
12. Child Custody
13. Personal Injury and Discrimination in Civil Law

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Download PDF Clinical Anatomy Applied Anatomy for Students and Junior Doctors by HAROLD ELLIS

Sinopsis

The clinical anatomy of the thorax is in daily use in clinical practice. The routine examination of the patient’s chest is nothing more than an exercise in relating the deep structures of the thorax to the chest wall. Moreover, so many common procedures – chest aspiration, insertion of a chest drain or of a subclavian line, placement of a cardiac pacemaker, for example – have their basis, and their safe performance, in sound anatomical knowledge.

Since the 1st and 12th ribs are difficult to feel, the ribs should be enumerated from the 2nd costal cartilage, which articulates with the sternum at the angle of Louis.

The spinous processes of all the thoracic vertebrae can be palpated in the midline posteriorly, but it should be remembered that the first spinous process that can be felt is that of C7 (the vertebra prominens).

The position of the nipple varies considerably in the female, but in the male it usually overlies the 4th intercostal space approximately 4 in (10 cm) from the midline. The apex beat, which marks the lowest and outermost point at which the cardiac impulse can be palpated, is normally in the 5th intercostal space 3.5 in (9 cm) from the midline and within the midclavicular line. (This corresponds to just below and medial to the nipple in the male, but it is always better to use bony rather than soft-tissue points of reference.)

 

Content

1. The Thorax
2. The Abdomen and Pelvis
3. The Upper Limb
4. The Lower Limb
5. The Head and Neck

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Download PDF Clinical Anatomy Arevision and applied anatomy for clinical students by HAROLD ELLIS

Sinopsis

Experience of teaching clinical students at five medical schools and of examining them in sixteen cities and in eight countries has convinced me that there is still an unfortunate hiatus between the anatomy which the student learns in the pre-clinical years and that which is later encountered in the wards and operating theatres.

This book attempts to counter this situation. It does so by highlighting those features of anatomy which are of clinical importance using a vertical blue bar, in radiology, pathology, medicine and midwifery as well as in surgery. It presents the facts which students might reasonably be expected to carry with them during their years on the wards, through their final examinations and into their postgraduate years; it is designed for the clinical student.

Anatomy is a vast subject and, therefore, in order to achieve this goal, I have deliberately carried out a rigorous selection of material so as to cover only those of its thousands of facts which I consider form the necessary anatomical scaffolding for the clinician. Wherever possible practical applications are indicated throughout the text—they cannot, within the limitations of a book of this size, be exhaustive, but I hope that they will act as signposts to the student and indicate how many clinical phenomena can be understood and remembered on simple anatomical grounds.

In this eleventh edition a complete revision of the text has been carried out. New figures have been added and other illustrations modified. Representative computerized axial tomography and magnetic resonance imaging films have been included, since these techniques have given increased impetus to the clinical importance of topographical anatomy. The continued success of this volume, now in its forty-seventh year of

publication, owes much to the helpful comments which the author has received from readers all over the world. Every suggestion is given the most careful consideration in an attempt to keep the material abreast of the needs of today’s medical students.

Content

1. The thoracic cage
2. The lower respiratory tract
3. The mediastinum
4. On the examination of a chest radiograph
5. Surface anatomy and surface markings
6. The fasciae and muscles of the abdominal wall
7. Peritoneal cavity
8. The gastrointestinal tract
9. The gastrointestinal adnexae: liver, gall-bladder and its ducts, pancreas and spleen
10. The urinary tract
11. The male genital organs
12. The bony and ligamentous pelvis
13. The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum
14. The female genital organs
15. The posterior abdominal wall
16. The female breast
17. Surface anatomy and surface markings of the upper limb
18. The bones and joints of the upper limb
19. The arteries of the upper limb
20. The brachial plexus
21. The course and distribution of the principal nerves of the upper limb
22. The anatomy of upper limb deformities
23. The spaces of the hand
24. The anatomy and surface markings of the lower limb
25. The bones and joints of the lower limb
26. Three important zones of the lower limb—the femoral triangle, adductor canal and popliteal fossa
27. The arteries of the lower limb
28. The veins of the lower limb
29. The course and distribution of the principal nerves of the lower limb
30. The surface anatomy of the neck
31. The thyroid gland
32. The palate
33. The tongue and floor of the mouth
34. The pharynx
35. The larynx,
36. The salivary glands
37. The major arteries of the head and neck
38. The veins of the head and neck
39. The lymph nodes of the neck
40. The cervical sympathetic trunk
41. The branchial system and its derivatives
42. The surface anatomy and surface markings of the head
43. The scalp
44. The skull
45. The accessory nasal sinuses
46. The mandible
47. The vertebral column
48. The spinal cord
49. The brain
50. The cranial nerves
51. The special senses
52. The autonomic nervous system

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Download PDF Clinical Pharmacology Made Incredibly Easy! 3rd Edition

Content

1. Fundamentals of clinical pharmacology
2. Autonomic nervous system drugs
3. Neurologic and neuromuscular drugs
4. Pain medications
5. C ardiovascular drugs
6. Hematologic drugs
7. Respiratory drugs
8. Gastrointestinal drugs
9. Genitourinary drugs
10. Anti-infective drugs
11. Anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy, and immunosuppressant drugs
12. Psychotropic drugs
13. Endocrine drugs
14. Drugs for fluid and electrolyte balance
15. Antineoplastic drugs

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Download PDF Withrow & MacEwen’s Small Animal Clinical Oncology 5th edition by Stephen J. Withrow

Sinopsis

This is an exciting and rapidly evolving time in the field of cancer genetics. Although it has been clear for several decades that cancer is a disease driven by the accumulation of genetic abnormalities,1,2 new technologies are rapidly unraveling nuances in how heritable traits influence epigenetics and the tumor environment. Meticulous reductionist research done since the early 1960s helped identify hundreds of genetic abnormalities that are peculiarly associated with specific cancers, and more recent advances allowed for full sequencing of tumor genomes.3-6 The information from these experiments has reinforced current concepts and provided insight into new areas of research. This chapter will focus on contemporary information to provide context for the genetic basis of cancer and how interactions between genes and environment impact the origin, progression, and response to therapy of hematopoietic tumors. It is probably reasonable to say that the next decade will represent a new “golden age” of discovery in cancer genetics, when many of the apparent conflicts from our traditional (reductionist) experimental approaches will be resolved by integration of data from epidemiologic, molecular, and clinical studies into a more holistic understanding of the biology of cancer.

To understand cancer, one must first realize that cancer is neither a single nor a simple disease. Rather, the term cancer describes a large number of diseases whose only common feature is uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. An important concept that is universally accepted is that cancer is a genetic disease, although it is not always heritable. Tumors arise from the accumulation of mutations that eliminate normal constraints of proliferation and genetic integrity in a somatic cell. Among other causes, mutations can arise following exposure to environmental mutagens such as cigarette smoke, ultraviolet irradiation, and others. In fact, changes in cancer incidence over the course of the twentieth century, many reflecting behavior patterns (e.g., lung cancer in smokers), infectious diseases (e.g., stomach cancer in people infected with Helicobacter pylori), or exposure to special cultural factors such as urbanization or diet (e.g., increasing breast cancer rates in the second and subsequent generations of Asian-American women), underscore the significant influence that the environment exerts on the genetic make-up of any individual. Nevertheless, it would be incorrect to assume that the environment is wholly responsible for most tumors; most associations of cancer and exposure to potential environmental carcinogens other than tobacco products and ultraviolet or gamma irradiation are relatively weak.

Rigorous experimental evidence now supports a number of “intrinsic mutagens” that interact in complex and sometimes unpredictable ways with environmental triggers to promote cancer. For example, it is clear now that oxygen free radicals that result from chronic inflammation can act as procarcinogenic mutagens. An equally important and perhaps less well-recognized “mutagen” is the inherent error rate of enzymes that control DNA replication, which introduces from 1 in 10,000,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 mutations for each base that is replicated during each round of cell division. Most mammalian genomes comprise 2 to 3 billion base pairs, so every time a cell divides, each daughter cell is likely to carry at least a few hundred mutations in its DNA. Most mutations, whether caused by extrinsic or intrinsic factors, are silent; that is, they do not hinder the cell’s ability to function. However, others can disable tumor suppressor genes or activate proto-oncogenes that respectively inhibit or promote cell division and survival. Thus it can be said that “being alive” is the single largest risk factor for cancer.

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Download PDF Clinical Neuroanatomy Seventh Edition by Richard S. Snell

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Download PDF Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders Fifth Edition

Sinopsis

The initial step in the excretory function of the nephron is the formation of an ultrafiltrate of plasma across the glomerulus. This fluid then passes through the tubules and is modified in two ways: by reabsorption and by secretion. Reabsorption refers to the removal of a substance from the filtrate, whereas secretion refers to the addition of a substance to the filtrate. As will be seen, the different tubular segments make varying contributions to these processes. Fluid filtered across the glomerulus enters Bowman's space and then the proximal tubule (Fig. 1-1). The proximal tubule is composed anatomically of an initial convoluted segment and a later straight segment, the pars recta, which enters the outer medulla. The loop of Henle begins abruptly at the end of the pars recta. It generally includes a thin descending limb and thin and thick segments of the ascending limb. The hairpin configuration of the loop of Henle plays a major role in the excretion of a hyperosmotic urine.

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Download PDF Clinical Epidemiology The Essentials Third Edition

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Download PDF Equine Clinical Pathology by Raquel M. Walton

Sinopsis

Laboratory medicine, more commonly referred to as clinical pathology (or bioanalytical pathology), is a distinct specialty that overlaps other medicine specialties such as internal medicine and oncology in the area of diagnostics. In contrast to internists, clinical pathologists practice a systems-based rather than problem-based approach when interpreting hematologic and biochemical results. However, in addition to recognizing disease-associated changes, two other phenomena contribute to test interpretation: how test results are generated and how “normal” is defined. Artifacts due to sample preparation, sample condition, or disease processes need to be identified and distinguished from true disease-associated changes. Similarly, test interpretation is always performed in context—the context of “health.” The accuracy of the test methodology and the reference intervals generated from the methodology are essential to the ability to diagnose disease. This chapter provides information on hematologic and biochemical test methodologies and validation, and discusses the basic knowledge needed for generating and/or using reference intervals. The remainder of the book addresses test interpretation using a systems-based approach.

Content

1. General Laboratory Medicine
2. Equine Hematology
3. Immunohematology and Hemostasis
4. The Liver
5. Laboratory Evaluation of the Equine Renal System
6. Acid-Base and Electrolytes
7. Proteins
8. Laboratory Assessment of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism
9. Skeletal Muscle
10. Endocrine Evaluation
11. Fluid Analysis
12. Cytology of the Lower Respiratory Tract
13. Cerebrospinal Fluid

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Download PDF Essentials of Medical Biochemistry With Clinical Cases by N . V. Bhagavan

Sinopsis

The unifying principle of biology is that all living organisms from the smallest and least complex (bacteria) to the largest (whales) and most complex (humans) are composed of cells. The precise location of cells in the multicellular organisms and the location of intracellular organelles within cells are vital in the normal development and function. In the simplest forms of life, such as the bacteria, cellular organization and biochemical functions are relatively uncomplicated and are primarily devoted to growth and reproduction. As a consequence, bacteria have evolved to survive and thrive in the widest range of environments imaginable – soil, rivers and oceans, hot springs, and frozen land, as well as in most areas of the human body. The only regions of the body that are normally sterile are: the respiratory tract below the vocal chords; the sinus and middle ear; the liver and gall bladder; the urinary tract above the urethra; bones; joints; muscles and blood; the linings around the lungs; and cerebrospinal fluid.

All bacteria belong to the super kingdom called prokaryotes . Yeasts, molds, and protozoa are also singlecelled organisms, but their cellular structures and functions are more complex than those of bacteria. These organisms belong to the other super kingdom called eukaryotes , along with all higher plants and all multicellular animals. A prokaryote cell has no true nucleus or specialized organelles in the cytoplasm. Bacteria reproduce asexually by cell division (fission). Because mitochondria (discussed later) have many properties in common with bacteria, it suggests that bacteria-like organisms were assimilated into eukaryotic

cells early in their evolution. All eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane and cytoplasm containing organelles that perform specialized functions. All eukaryotic somatic cells reproduce by the complex mechanisms of mitosis and cytokinesis. Germinal cells (sperm and ova) are formed by a slightly different mechanism called meiosis. Although the size and complexity of eukaryotic organisms differ enormously (amoeba, fly, worm, crab, bird, dog, dolphin, chimpanzee, human being), the basic organization and chemistry of their individual cells are quite similar. Sequencing of the nuclear DNA of many different organisms has shown remarkable conservation of key genes and proteins among widely dissimilar organisms. In some cases a protein produced by a human gene will function just as well when the human gene is swapped for the comparable gene in yeast.

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Download Comprehensive Review in Clinical Neurology By Cheng-Ching, Esteban

Sinopsis

Anyone who studies neurology immediately recognizes not only its fascinating complexities but also the many different types of learning skills that one calls upon to understand it and commit it to memory. As medical students rotating in neurology, and later as neurology residents and fellows, it was clear to us that while there were great and grand neurology textbooks written by giants in the field, a study guide that offered clear explanations, simplifying complex concepts, and presenting information in an easily understandable format, while allowing for study of large amounts of information in a timely manner, was not available. As our board examinations neared, we were unable to identify a board review book that satisfied the minimum criteria for what we felt was the ideal study guide: comprehensive yet concise, case-based, with an abundance of images and diagrams, and perhaps most importantly, a question-and-answer (Q&A) multiple-choice type format. As chief residents organizing board review sessions for our neurology resident colleagues, we found this format to be the most effective and enjoyable way to learn neurology. With these criteria in mind, we envisioned and set out to write Comprehensive Review in Clinical Neurology.

In neurology perhaps more than any other specialty, clinical vignettes increase learning efficiency by illustrating examples and placing sometimes challenging neuroscience concepts into clinical practice. With this in mind, the majority of questions in this book are case-based. A multitude of radiographic and pathologic images are carefully selected to supplement information in the cases while also contributing to knowledge of these respective areas. The anatomic diagrams and other graphics provide visual aids to consolidate information presented in the discussions. The book is organized so that the reader can review chapters in their entirety or select individual questions from each chapter for review. Despite the Q&A format, topical review is possible with this book as well: the chapters are organized by topics, the index is comprehensive, and most importantly, reference is made in the discussion to different questions related to a specific concept. This book is strengthened by the renowned specialists who painstakingly reviewed the chapters and contributed valuable suggestions and images.

We feel that Comprehensive Review in Clinical Neurology will be useful to the whole spectrum of those learning neurology, from medical students and junior residents beginning their neurology education to senior neurology residents and fellows studying for the neurology board examination, and even to staff physicians reviewing for maintenance-of-certification examinations. Because neurology is a key component of all specialties related to neuroscience, psychiatrists, neurosurgeons, geriatricians, and psychologists will benefit from this book as well. We hope that readers of this book will enjoy it and learn from it.

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