Sinopsis
Copper is most commonly present in the earth’s crust as copper-iron-sulfide and copper sulfide minerals, e.g. chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), bornite (CusFeS4) and chalcocite (Cu2S). The concentration of these minerals in an ore body is low. Typical copper ores contain from 0.5% Cu (open pit mines) to 1 or 2% Cu (underground mines). Pure copper metal is produced from these ores by concentration, smelting and refining, Fig. 1.1.
Copper also occurs in oxidized minerals (carbonates, oxides, hydroxy-silicates, sulfates), but to a lesser extent. Copper metal is usually produced from these minerals by hydrometallurgical methods, Fig. 1.2. Hydrometallurgy is also used to produce copper metal from chalcocite, Cu2S.
A third major source of copper is scrap copper and copper alloys. Production of copper from recycled used objccts is 10 or 15% of mine production. In addition, there is considerable re-meltinghe-refining of scrap generated during fabrication and manufacture.
This chapter introduces the principal processes by which copper is extracted from ore and scrap. It also indicates the relative industrial importance of each.
Content
- Overview
- Production and Use
- Concentrating Copper Ores
- Matte Smelting Fundamentals
- Flash Smelting - Outokumpu Process
- Inco Flash Smelting
- Noranda and Teniente Smelting
- Ausmelt / lsasmelt Matte Smelting
- Batch Converting of Cu Matte
- Continuous Converting
- Copper Loss in Slag
- Direct-To-Copper Flash Smelting
- Mitsubishi Continuous Smelting Konverting
- Capture and Fixation of Sulfur
- Fire Refining and Casting of Anodes: Sulfur and Oxygen Removal
- Electrolytic Refining
- Hydrometallurgical Copper Extraction: Introduction and Leaching
- Solvent Extraction Transfer of Cu from Leach Solution to Electrolyte
- Collection and Processing of Recycled Copper
- Chemical Metallurgy of Copper Recycling
- Melting and Casting
- Costs of Copper Production
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