Sinopsis
The word epidemiology is derived from Greek and literally means ‘studies upon people’. Modern methods of epidemiological enquiry were first developed in the course of investigating outbreaks of infectious diseases in the 19th century. In contemporary medical practice the scope and applications of epidemiology have been greatly extended. Similar methods are now used in the investigation of the causes and natural history of all types of disease. They are also used in the development and assessment of preventive programmes and treatments, the assessment of the safety of medicines and in the planning and evaluation of health services. In contrast to clinical medicine, epidemiology involves the study of groups of people (populations) rather than the direct study of individuals. This does not diminish its relevance to clinical medicine. On the contrary, it enhances the practice of medicine by increasing the understanding of how diseases arise and how they might be managed both in the individual and in societies as a whole.
Most doctors find themselves involved with epidemiology through the use they make of the results of studies or sometimes as participants in investigations. It is important that all professionalsinvolved in health care should have an understanding of the subject so that they can use epidemiological methods in the study of health and disease. More importantly, a knowledge of epidemiology is needed to appraise critically other people’s contributions.
Content
1 General principles
2 ‘Cause’ and ‘risk’ and types of epidemiological study
3 Descriptive studies
4 Surveys, survey methods and bias
5 Cohort studies
6 Case–control studies
7 Intervention studies
8 Health information and sources of data
9 Indices of health and disease, andstandardization of rates
10 Medical demography
11 Evidence-based medicine
13 Health promotion and health education
14 Control of infectious disease
15 Immunization
16 Environmental health
17 Screening
18 History and principles
19 The National Health Service
20 Health targets
21 Evaluation of health services
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