Sinopsis
The immune system has evolved to protect us from pathogens. Intracellular pathogens infect individual cells (e.g. viruses), whereas extracellular pathogens divide extracellularly within tissues or the body cavities (e.g. many bacteria).
Phagocytes and lymphocytes are key mediators of immunity. Phagocytes internalize pathogens and degrade them. Lymphocytes (B and T cells) bear receptors that recognize specific molecular components of pathogens and have specialized functions. B cells make antibodies, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill virally infected cells, and helper T cells coordinate the immune response by direct cell–cell interactions and the release of cytokines.
Specificity and memory are two essential features of adaptive immune responses. As a result the immune system mounts a more effective response on second and subsequent encounters with a particular antigen. Nonadaptive (innate) immune responses do not alter on repeated exposure to an infectious agent.
Content
- Components of the Immune System
- Modes of Immune Response
- Defence Against Infectious Agents
- Immune Responses Against Tissues
- Hypersensitivity
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