Download PDF Concepts in Biology fourteenth by Eidon D. Enger

Sinopsis

Scientists distinguish between situations that are merely correlated (happen together) and those that are correlated and show cause and effect relationships. Many events are correlated, but not all correlations show cause-and-effect. When an event occurs as a direct result of a previous event, a cause-and-effect relationship exists. For example, lightning and thunder are correlated and have a cause and effect relationship. Lightning causes thunder.

The relationship between ingesting microorganisms and foodborne illness can be difficult to figure out. Because people have experienced bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, many assume that all microbes cause disease. In addition, the media portray all microbes as dangerous. Companies tell us that you should buy their antimicrobial product. They claim that their product will kill all the microbes, and therefore you will not come down with a foodborne illness. However, scores of different scientists have demonstrated through countless laboratory experiments that only a small number of microbes are pathogenic ; that is, capable of causing harm. In fact, it turns out that most microbes are beneficial. These experiments have led to the identification of specific mechanisms by which pathogens cause harm. For example, a specific toxin (poison) can be collected from a suspect bacterium, purified, and administered to a laboratory animal in its food. If the animal displays the predicted foodborne illness symptoms, the experiment lends credibility to the fact that the microbe is responsible for that illness. Knowing that a causeand- effect relationship exists enables us to make a prediction. If the same set of circumstances occurs in the future, the same effect will result.

Content

1. What Is Biology?
2. Chemistry, Cells, and Metabolism
3. The Basics of Life: Chemistry 
4. Organic Molecules The Molecules of Life 
5. Cell Structure and Function 
6. Enzymes, Coenzymes, and Energy 
7. Biochemical Pathways Cellular Respiration 
8. Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis Molecular Biology, Cell Division, and Genetics
9. DNA and RNA: The Molecular Basis of Heredity 
10. Cell Division—Proliferation and Reproduction 
11. Patterns of Inheritance 
12. Applications of Biotechnology
13. Evolution and Ecology
14. Diversity Within Species and Population Genetics
15. Evolution and Natural Selection 
16. The Formation of Species and Evolutionary Change 
17. Ecosystem Dynamics: The Flow of Energy and Matter 
18. Community Interactions 
19. Population Ecology 
20. Evolutionary and Ecological Aspects of Behavior
21. The Origin and Classification of Life 
22. The Origin of Life and the Evolution of Cells 
23. The Classification and Evolution of Organisms 
24. The Nature of Microorganisms 
25. The Plant Kingdom 
26. The Animal Kingdom
27. Physiological Processes 
28. Materials Exchange in the Body 
29. Nutrition: Food and Diet 
30. The Body’s Control Mechanisms and Immunity 
31. Human Reproduction, Sex, and Sexuality

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