Download PDF Pharmacogenomics Second Edition Werner Kalow

Sinopsis

The occurrence of genetic influences upon one or other drug response was predicted by Sir Archibald Garrot in his 1931 book Inborn Factors in Diseases (1), and by J.B.S. Haldane in 1949 in an article entitled ‘‘Disease and Evolution’’ (2). Pharmacogenetics, as we know it today, arose as a new scientific entity in the late 1950s as a marriage of the older sciences of Pharmacology and Genetics.

Pharmacogenetics deals with heredity and the effect of drugs. It is a branch of science devoted to efforts of explaining variability of one or other drug response, and to search for the genetic basis of such variations or differences. It started by looking at differences between individual subjects, but as it developed, it also became concerned with genetic differences between populations. Many pharmacogeneticists happen to be mostly concerned with the human species but the science applies in principle to all living subjects on earth, primitive or complex, capable of responding to a drug or to a toxic chemical. Of many genetic responses to environmental impacts, Pharmacogenetics is only one (3). Human variation in pharmacogenetics is similar to human variation in response to foods (4). For instance, modern salt intake causes members of populations who come from salt-poor areas to develop cardio-vascular disease (5). Populations adjusted to frequent periods of starvation tend to show a high incidence of type 2 diabetes (6). There are different genetic mechanisms to fight infections. There is a gene conveying resistance to tuberculosis, acting before any immune response sets in (7). The mechanics of AIDS differ between Caucasians and Africans (8). Thus, pharmacogenetics is not a unique affair, but let us still look at its development.

Content

1. Historical Aspects of Pharmacogenetics 
2. Pharmacogenomics and the Promise of Personalized Medicine
3. Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Two Clinically Important Polymorphic Enzymes, CYP2D6 and TPMT
4. Receptors
5. Pharmacogenetics of Drug Transporters
6. Variability in Induction of Human Drug Metabolizing Enzymes
7. Pharmacogenetics and Cardiac Ion Channels
8. Interethnic Differences in Drug Response
9. Clinical Perspectives
10. Regulatory Perspectives on Pharmacogenomics
11. Tools of the Trade: The Technologies and Challenges of Pharmacogenetics
12. Technologies for the Analysis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms—An Overview
13. Molecular Diagnostics
14. Metabonomics
15. Multiplex Minisequencing on Microarrays: Application to Pharmacogenetics of Antihypertensive Drug Response
16. MALDI-TOF MS: Applications in Genomics
17. Gene Expression Analysis in Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics
18. Proteomics
19. Haplotype Structure and Pharmacogenomics
20. Pharmacoepigenetics: From Basic Epigenetics to Therapeutic Applications
21. WWW Bioinformatics Resources
22. Pharmacogenomics: Applied Bioinformatics Chapter
23. Mapping of Disease Loci
24. Positional Cloning and Disease Gene Identification 
25. Genome Variation Influencing Gene Copy Number and Disease
26. General Conclusions and Future Directions

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